Convert legacy string formatting to f-strings (#4685)

* the changes

* Update driver.py

.git_archival.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 node: $Format:%H$
 node-date: $Format:%cI$
-describe-name: $Format:%(describe:tags=true,match=*[0-9]*)$
+describe-name: $Format:%(describe:tags=true,match=[0-9]*)$
-ref-names: $Format:%D$

.gitattributes

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 .git_archival.txt  export-subst
+*.py diff=python

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ current development version. To confirm this, you have three options:
 
 1. Update Black's version if a newer release exists: `pip install -U black`
 2. Use the online formatter at <https://black.vercel.app/?version=main>, which will use
-   the latest main branch.
+   the latest main branch. Note that the online formatter currently runs on
+   an older version of Python and may not support newer syntax, such as the
+   extended f-string syntax added in Python 3.12.
 3. Or run _Black_ on your machine:
    - create a new virtualenv (make sure it's the same Python version);
    - clone this repository;

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -14,4 +14,3 @@ updates:
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
     labels: ["skip news", "C: dependencies", "T: documentation"]
-    reviewers: ["ichard26"]

.github/workflows/diff_shades.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install diff-shades and support dependencies
         run: |
-          python -m pip install 'click==8.1.3' packaging urllib3
+          python -m pip install 'click>=8.1.7' packaging urllib3
           python -m pip install https://github.com/ichard26/diff-shades/archive/stable.zip
 
       - name: Calculate run configuration & metadata
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ jobs:
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
         run: >
-          python scripts/diff_shades_gha_helper.py config ${{ github.event_name }} ${{ matrix.mode }}
+          python scripts/diff_shades_gha_helper.py config ${{ github.event_name }}
+          ${{ matrix.mode }}
 
   analysis:
     name: analysis / ${{ matrix.mode }}
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
       HATCH_BUILD_HOOKS_ENABLE: "1"
       # Clang is less picky with the C code it's given than gcc (and may
       # generate faster binaries too).
-      CC: clang-14
+      CC: clang-18
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install diff-shades and support dependencies
         run: |
           python -m pip install https://github.com/ichard26/diff-shades/archive/stable.zip
-          python -m pip install 'click==8.1.3' packaging urllib3
+          python -m pip install 'click>=8.1.7' packaging urllib3
           # After checking out old revisions, this might not exist so we'll use a copy.
           cat scripts/diff_shades_gha_helper.py > helper.py
           git config user.name "diff-shades-gha"
@@ -110,19 +111,19 @@ jobs:
           ${{ matrix.baseline-analysis }} ${{ matrix.target-analysis }}
 
       - name: Upload diff report
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: ${{ matrix.mode }}-diff.html
           path: diff.html
 
       - name: Upload baseline analysis
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: ${{ matrix.baseline-analysis }}
           path: ${{ matrix.baseline-analysis }}
 
       - name: Upload target analysis
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: ${{ matrix.target-analysis }}
           path: ${{ matrix.target-analysis }}
@@ -130,14 +131,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: Generate summary file (PR only)
         if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.mode == 'preview-changes'
         run: >
-          python helper.py comment-body
+          python helper.py comment-body ${{ matrix.baseline-analysis }}
-          ${{ matrix.baseline-analysis }} ${{ matrix.target-analysis }}
+          ${{ matrix.target-analysis }} ${{ matrix.baseline-sha }}
-          ${{ matrix.baseline-sha }} ${{ matrix.target-sha }}
+          ${{ matrix.target-sha }} ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
-          ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
 
       - name: Upload summary file (PR only)
         if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.mode == 'preview-changes'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: .pr-comment.json
           path: .pr-comment.json

.github/workflows/doc.yml

@@ -26,13 +26,15 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up latest Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: "*"
+          python-version: "3.13"
+          allow-prereleases: true
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           python -m pip install uv
-          python -m uv pip install --system -e ".[d]"
+          python -m uv venv
-          python -m uv pip install --system -r "docs/requirements.txt"
+          python -m uv pip install -e ".[d]"
+          python -m uv pip install -r "docs/requirements.txt"
 
       - name: Build documentation
         run: sphinx-build -a -b html -W --keep-going docs/ docs/_build

.github/workflows/docker.yml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
           latest_non_release)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Build and push
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
           context: .
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
         if:
           ${{ github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published' &&
           !github.event.release.prerelease }}
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
           context: .
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
         if:
           ${{ github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published' &&
           github.event.release.prerelease }}
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
           context: .
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64

.github/workflows/fuzz.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12.4", "3.13"]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          allow-prereleases: true
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up latest Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: "*"
+          python-version: "3.13"
+          allow-prereleases: true
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |

.github/workflows/pypi_upload.yml

@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up latest Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: "*"
+          python-version: "3.13"
+          allow-prereleases: true
 
       - name: Install latest pip, build, twine
         run: |
@@ -46,10 +47,11 @@ jobs:
       include: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.include }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      # Keep cibuildwheel version in sync with below
       - name: Install cibuildwheel and pypyp
         run: |
-          pipx install cibuildwheel==2.15.0
+          pipx install cibuildwheel==2.22.0
-          pipx install pypyp==1
+          pipx install pypyp==1.3.0
       - name: generate matrix
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
         run: |
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
             | pyp 'json.dumps({"only": x, "os": "ubuntu-latest"})'
           } | pyp 'json.dumps(list(map(json.loads, lines)))' > /tmp/matrix
         env:
-          CIBW_BUILD: "cp38-* cp312-*"
+          CIBW_BUILD: "cp39-* cp313-*"
           CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: x86_64
       - id: set-matrix
         run: echo "include=$(cat /tmp/matrix)" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -89,14 +91,15 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.17.0
+      # Keep cibuildwheel version in sync with above
+      - uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.23.3
         with:
           only: ${{ matrix.only }}
 
       - name: Upload wheels as workflow artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: ${{ matrix.name }}-mypyc-wheels
+          name: ${{ matrix.only }}-mypyc-wheels
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
       - if: github.event_name == 'release'

.github/workflows/release_tests.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
         os: [macOS-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
 
     steps:

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "pypy-3.9"]
+        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12.4", "3.13", "pypy-3.9"]
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macOS-latest, windows-latest]
 
     steps:
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          allow-prereleases: true
 
       - name: Install tox
         run: |
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
         if:
           github.repository == 'psf/black' && matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' &&
           !startsWith(matrix.python-version, 'pypy')
-        uses: AndreMiras/coveralls-python-action@8799c9f4443ac4201d2e2f2c725d577174683b99
+        uses: AndreMiras/coveralls-python-action@ac868b9540fad490f7ca82b8ca00480fd751ed19
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           parallel: true
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Send finished signal to Coveralls
-        uses: AndreMiras/coveralls-python-action@8799c9f4443ac4201d2e2f2c725d577174683b99
+        uses: AndreMiras/coveralls-python-action@ac868b9540fad490f7ca82b8ca00480fd751ed19
         with:
           parallel-finished: true
           debug: true
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up latest Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: "*"
+          python-version: "3.12.4"
 
       - name: Install black with uvloop
         run: |

.github/workflows/upload_binary.yml

@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [windows-2019, ubuntu-20.04, macos-latest]
+        os: [windows-2019, ubuntu-22.04, macos-latest]
         include:
           - os: windows-2019
             pathsep: ";"
             asset_name: black_windows.exe
             executable_mime: "application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable"
-          - os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
             pathsep: ":"
             asset_name: black_linux
             executable_mime: "application/x-executable"
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up latest Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: "*"
+          python-version: "3.12.4"
 
       - name: Install Black and PyInstaller
         run: |

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ repos:
         additional_dependencies: *version_check_dependencies
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
-    rev: 5.13.2
+    rev: 6.0.1
     hooks:
       - id: isort
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/flake8
-    rev: 7.0.0
+    rev: 7.2.0
     hooks:
       - id: flake8
         additional_dependencies:
@@ -39,17 +39,21 @@ repos:
         exclude: ^src/blib2to3/
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v1.9.0
+    rev: v1.15.0
     hooks:
       - id: mypy
         exclude: ^(docs/conf.py|scripts/generate_schema.py)$
         args: []
         additional_dependencies: &mypy_deps
           - types-PyYAML
+          - types-atheris
           - tomli >= 0.2.6, < 2.0.0
-          - click >= 8.1.0, != 8.1.4, != 8.1.5
+          - click >= 8.2.0
+          # Click is intentionally out-of-sync with pyproject.toml
+          # v8.2 has breaking changes. We work around them at runtime, but we need the newer stubs.
           - packaging >= 22.0
           - platformdirs >= 2.1.0
+          - pytokens >= 0.1.10
           - pytest
           - hypothesis
           - aiohttp >= 3.7.4
@@ -62,14 +66,15 @@ repos:
         args: ["--python-version=3.10"]
         additional_dependencies: *mypy_deps
 
-  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
+  - repo: https://github.com/rbubley/mirrors-prettier
-    rev: v4.0.0-alpha.8
+    rev: v3.5.3
     hooks:
       - id: prettier
+        types_or: [markdown, yaml, json]
         exclude: \.github/workflows/diff_shades\.yml
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.5.0
+    rev: v5.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
       - id: trailing-whitespace

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -16,3 +16,6 @@ python:
       path: .
       extra_requirements:
         - d
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/conf.py

AUTHORS.md

@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ Multiple contributions by:
 - [Tony Narlock](mailto:tony@git-pull.com)
 - [Tsuyoshi Hombashi](mailto:tsuyoshi.hombashi@gmail.com)
 - [Tushar Chandra](mailto:tusharchandra2018@u.northwestern.edu)
+- [Tushar Sadhwani](mailto:tushar.sadhwani000@gmail.com)
 - [Tzu-ping Chung](mailto:uranusjr@gmail.com)
 - [Utsav Shah](mailto:ukshah2@illinois.edu)
 - utsav-dbx

CHANGES.md

@@ -1,5 +1,207 @@
 # Change Log
 
+## Unreleased
+
+### Highlights
+
+<!-- Include any especially major or disruptive changes here -->
+
+### Stable style
+
+<!-- Changes that affect Black's stable style -->
+
+- Fix crash while formatting a long `del` statement containing tuples (#4628)
+- Fix crash while formatting expressions using the walrus operator in complex `with`
+  statements (#4630)
+- Handle `# fmt: skip` followed by a comment at the end of file (#4635)
+- Fix crash when a tuple appears in the `as` clause of a `with` statement (#4634)
+- Fix crash when tuple is used as a context manager inside a `with` statement (#4646)
+- Fix crash on a `\\r\n` (#4673)
+- Fix crash on `await ...` (where `...` is a literal `Ellipsis`) (#4676)
+- Remove support for pre-python 3.7 `await/async` as soft keywords/variable names
+  (#4676)
+
+### Preview style
+
+<!-- Changes that affect Black's preview style -->
+
+- Fix a bug where one-liner functions/conditionals marked with `# fmt: skip` would still
+  be formatted (#4552)
+
+### Configuration
+
+<!-- Changes to how Black can be configured -->
+
+### Packaging
+
+<!-- Changes to how Black is packaged, such as dependency requirements -->
+
+### Parser
+
+<!-- Changes to the parser or to version autodetection -->
+
+- Rewrite tokenizer to improve performance and compliance (#4536)
+- Fix bug where certain unusual expressions (e.g., lambdas) were not accepted in type
+  parameter bounds and defaults. (#4602)
+
+### Performance
+
+<!-- Changes that improve Black's performance. -->
+
+### Output
+
+<!-- Changes to Black's terminal output and error messages -->
+
+### _Blackd_
+
+<!-- Changes to blackd -->
+
+### Integrations
+
+<!-- For example, Docker, GitHub Actions, pre-commit, editors -->
+
+- Fix the version check in the vim file to reject Python 3.8 (#4567)
+- Enhance GitHub Action `psf/black` to read Black version from an additional section in
+  pyproject.toml: `[project.dependency-groups]` (#4606)
+
+### Documentation
+
+<!-- Major changes to documentation and policies. Small docs changes
+     don't need a changelog entry. -->
+
+## 25.1.0
+
+### Highlights
+
+This release introduces the new 2025 stable style (#4558), stabilizing the following
+changes:
+
+- Normalize casing of Unicode escape characters in strings to lowercase (#2916)
+- Fix inconsistencies in whether certain strings are detected as docstrings (#4095)
+- Consistently add trailing commas to typed function parameters (#4164)
+- Remove redundant parentheses in if guards for case blocks (#4214)
+- Add parentheses to if clauses in case blocks when the line is too long (#4269)
+- Whitespace before `# fmt: skip` comments is no longer normalized (#4146)
+- Fix line length computation for certain expressions that involve the power operator
+  (#4154)
+- Check if there is a newline before the terminating quotes of a docstring (#4185)
+- Fix type annotation spacing between `*` and more complex type variable tuple (#4440)
+
+The following changes were not in any previous release:
+
+- Remove parentheses around sole list items (#4312)
+- Generic function definitions are now formatted more elegantly: parameters are split
+  over multiple lines first instead of type parameter definitions (#4553)
+
+### Stable style
+
+- Fix formatting cells in IPython notebooks with magic methods and starting or trailing
+  empty lines (#4484)
+- Fix crash when formatting `with` statements containing tuple generators/unpacking
+  (#4538)
+
+### Preview style
+
+- Fix/remove string merging changing f-string quotes on f-strings with internal quotes
+  (#4498)
+- Collapse multiple empty lines after an import into one (#4489)
+- Prevent `string_processing` and `wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens` from removing
+  parentheses around long dictionary values (#4377)
+- Move `wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens` from the unstable to preview style (#4561)
+
+### Packaging
+
+- Store license identifier inside the `License-Expression` metadata field, see
+  [PEP 639](https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/). (#4479)
+
+### Performance
+
+- Speed up the `is_fstring_start` function in Black's tokenizer (#4541)
+
+### Integrations
+
+- If using stdin with `--stdin-filename` set to a force excluded path, stdin won't be
+  formatted. (#4539)
+
+## 24.10.0
+
+### Highlights
+
+- Black is now officially tested with Python 3.13 and provides Python 3.13
+  mypyc-compiled wheels. (#4436) (#4449)
+- Black will issue an error when used with Python 3.12.5, due to an upstream memory
+  safety issue in Python 3.12.5 that can cause Black's AST safety checks to fail. Please
+  use Python 3.12.6 or Python 3.12.4 instead. (#4447)
+- Black no longer supports running with Python 3.8 (#4452)
+
+### Stable style
+
+- Fix crashes involving comments in parenthesised return types or `X | Y` style unions.
+  (#4453)
+- Fix skipping Jupyter cells with unknown `%%` magic (#4462)
+
+### Preview style
+
+- Fix type annotation spacing between * and more complex type variable tuple (i.e. `def
+  fn(*args: *tuple[*Ts, T]) -> None: pass`) (#4440)
+
+### Caching
+
+- Fix bug where the cache was shared between runs with and without `--unstable` (#4466)
+
+### Packaging
+
+- Upgrade version of mypyc used to 1.12 beta (#4450) (#4449)
+- `blackd` now requires a newer version of aiohttp. (#4451)
+
+### Output
+
+- Added Python target version information on parse error (#4378)
+- Add information about Black version to internal error messages (#4457)
+
+## 24.8.0
+
+### Stable style
+
+- Fix crash when `# fmt: off` is used before a closing parenthesis or bracket. (#4363)
+
+### Packaging
+
+- Packaging metadata updated: docs are explictly linked, the issue tracker is now also
+  linked. This improves the PyPI listing for Black. (#4345)
+
+### Parser
+
+- Fix regression where Black failed to parse a multiline f-string containing another
+  multiline string (#4339)
+- Fix regression where Black failed to parse an escaped single quote inside an f-string
+  (#4401)
+- Fix bug with Black incorrectly parsing empty lines with a backslash (#4343)
+- Fix bugs with Black's tokenizer not handling `\{` inside f-strings very well (#4422)
+- Fix incorrect line numbers in the tokenizer for certain tokens within f-strings
+  (#4423)
+
+### Performance
+
+- Improve performance when a large directory is listed in `.gitignore` (#4415)
+
+### _Blackd_
+
+- Fix blackd (and all extras installs) for docker container (#4357)
+
+## 24.4.2
+
+This is a bugfix release to fix two regressions in the new f-string parser introduced in
+24.4.1.
+
+### Parser
+
+- Fix regression where certain complex f-strings failed to parse (#4332)
+
+### Performance
+
+- Fix bad performance on certain complex string literals (#4331)
+
 ## 24.4.1
 
 ### Highlights

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 # Contributing to _Black_
 
-Welcome! Happy to see you willing to make the project better. Have you read the entire
+Welcome future contributor! We're happy to see you willing to make the project better.
-[user documentation](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) yet?
 
-Our [contributing documentation](https://black.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contributing/)
+If you aren't familiar with _Black_, or are looking for documentation on something
-contains details on all you need to know about contributing to _Black_, the basics to
+specific, the [user documentation](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is the best
-the internals of _Black_.
+place to look.
 
-We look forward to your contributions!
+For getting started on contributing, please read the
+[contributing documentation](https://black.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contributing/) for
+all you need to know.
+
+Thank you, and we look forward to your contributions!

Dockerfile

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ RUN python -m venv $VIRTUAL_ENV
 RUN python -m pip install --no-cache-dir hatch hatch-fancy-pypi-readme hatch-vcs
 RUN . /opt/venv/bin/activate && pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade pip setuptools \
     && cd /src && hatch build -t wheel \
-    && pip install --no-cache-dir dist/*-cp*[colorama,d,uvloop]
+    && pip install --no-cache-dir dist/*-cp* \
+    && pip install black[colorama,d,uvloop]
 
 FROM python:3.12-slim
 

README.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.vercel.app). Watch the
 
 ### Installation
 
-_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.8+ to run.
+_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.9+ to run.
 If you want to format Jupyter Notebooks, install with `pip install "black[jupyter]"`.
 
 If you can't wait for the latest _hotness_ and want to install from GitHub, use:
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ SQLAlchemy, Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtuale
 pandas, Pillow, Twisted, LocalStack, every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant,
 Zulip, Kedro, OpenOA, FLORIS, ORBIT, WOMBAT, and many more.
 
-The following organizations use _Black_: Facebook, Dropbox, KeepTruckin, Lyft, Mozilla,
+The following organizations use _Black_: Dropbox, KeepTruckin, Lyft, Mozilla, Quora,
-Quora, Duolingo, QuantumBlack, Tesla, Archer Aviation.
+Duolingo, QuantumBlack, Tesla, Archer Aviation.
 
 Are we missing anyone? Let us know.
 

action/main.py

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ def read_version_specifier_from_pyproject() -> str:
         return f"=={version}"
 
     arrays = [
+        *pyproject.get("dependency-groups", {}).values(),
         pyproject.get("project", {}).get("dependencies"),
         *pyproject.get("project", {}).get("optional-dependencies", {}).values(),
     ]

autoload/black.vim

@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ def _initialize_black_env(upgrade=False):
       return True
 
   pyver = sys.version_info[:3]
-  if pyver < (3, 8):
+  if pyver < (3, 9):
-    print("Sorry, Black requires Python 3.8+ to run.")
+    print("Sorry, Black requires Python 3.9+ to run.")
     return False
 
   from pathlib import Path

docs/conf.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
 #
@@ -14,22 +13,46 @@
 #
 
 import os
+import re
 import string
 from importlib.metadata import version
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from sphinx.application import Sphinx
+
 CURRENT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
 
 
 def make_pypi_svg(version: str) -> None:
     template: Path = CURRENT_DIR / "_static" / "pypi_template.svg"
     target: Path = CURRENT_DIR / "_static" / "pypi.svg"
-    with open(str(template), "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+    with open(str(template), encoding="utf8") as f:
         svg: str = string.Template(f.read()).substitute(version=version)
     with open(str(target), "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
         f.write(svg)
 
 
+def replace_pr_numbers_with_links(content: str) -> str:
+    """Replaces all PR numbers with the corresponding GitHub link."""
+    return re.sub(r"#(\d+)", r"[#\1](https://github.com/psf/black/pull/\1)", content)
+
+
+def handle_include_read(
+    app: Sphinx,
+    relative_path: Path,
+    parent_docname: str,
+    content: list[str],
+) -> None:
+    """Handler for the include-read sphinx event."""
+    if parent_docname == "change_log":
+        content[0] = replace_pr_numbers_with_links(content[0])
+
+
+def setup(app: Sphinx) -> None:
+    """Sets up a minimal sphinx extension."""
+    app.connect("include-read", handle_include_read)
+
+
 # Necessary so Click doesn't hit an encode error when called by
 # sphinxcontrib-programoutput on Windows.
 os.putenv("pythonioencoding", "utf-8")

docs/contributing/the_basics.md

@@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ An overview on contributing to the _Black_ project.
 Development on the latest version of Python is preferred. You can use any operating
 system.
 
-Install development dependencies inside a virtual environment of your choice, for
+First clone the _Black_ repository:
+
+```console
+$ git clone https://github.com/psf/black.git
+$ cd black
+```
+
+Then install development dependencies inside a virtual environment of your choice, for
 example:
 
 ```console
@@ -16,7 +23,7 @@ $ source .venv/bin/activate # activation for linux and mac
 $ .venv\Scripts\activate # activation for windows
 
 (.venv)$ pip install -r test_requirements.txt
-(.venv)$ pip install -e .[d]
+(.venv)$ pip install -e ".[d]"
 (.venv)$ pre-commit install
 ```
 
@@ -48,13 +55,16 @@ Further examples of invoking the tests
 # Run tests on a specific python version
 (.venv)$ tox -e py39
 
-# pass arguments to pytest
+# Run an individual test
+(.venv)$ pytest -k <test name>
+
+# Pass arguments to pytest
 (.venv)$ tox -e py -- --no-cov
 
-# print full tree diff, see documentation below
+# Print full tree diff, see documentation below
 (.venv)$ tox -e py -- --print-full-tree
 
-# disable diff printing, see documentation below
+# Disable diff printing, see documentation below
 (.venv)$ tox -e py -- --print-tree-diff=False
 ```
 
@@ -99,16 +109,22 @@ default. To turn it off pass `--print-tree-diff=False`.
 `Black` has CI that will check for an entry corresponding to your PR in `CHANGES.md`. If
 you feel this PR does not require a changelog entry please state that in a comment and a
 maintainer can add a `skip news` label to make the CI pass. Otherwise, please ensure you
-have a line in the following format:
+have a line in the following format added below the appropriate header:
 
 ```md
 - `Black` is now more awesome (#X)
 ```
 
+<!---
+The Next PR Number link uses HTML because of a bug in MyST-Parser that double-escapes the ampersand, causing the query parameters to not be processed.
+MyST-Parser issue: https://github.com/executablebooks/MyST-Parser/issues/760
+MyST-Parser stalled fix PR: https://github.com/executablebooks/MyST-Parser/pull/929
+-->
+
 Note that X should be your PR number, not issue number! To workout X, please use
-[Next PR Number](https://ichard26.github.io/next-pr-number/?owner=psf&name=black). This
+<a href="https://ichard26.github.io/next-pr-number/?owner=psf&name=black">Next PR
-is not perfect but saves a lot of release overhead as now the releaser does not need to
+Number</a>. This is not perfect but saves a lot of release overhead as now the releaser
-go back and workout what to add to the `CHANGES.md` for each release.
+does not need to go back and workout what to add to the `CHANGES.md` for each release.
 
 ### Style Changes
 
@@ -116,7 +132,7 @@ If a change would affect the advertised code style, please modify the documentat
 _Black_ code style) to reflect that change. Patches that fix unintended bugs in
 formatting don't need to be mentioned separately though. If the change is implemented
 with the `--preview` flag, please include the change in the future style document
-instead and write the changelog entry under a dedicated "Preview changes" heading.
+instead and write the changelog entry under the dedicated "Preview style" heading.
 
 ### Docs Testing
 
@@ -124,17 +140,17 @@ If you make changes to docs, you can test they still build locally too.
 
 ```console
 (.venv)$ pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-(.venv)$ pip install -e .[d]
+(.venv)$ pip install -e ".[d]"
 (.venv)$ sphinx-build -a -b html -W docs/ docs/_build/
 ```
 
 ## Hygiene
 
 If you're fixing a bug, add a test. Run it first to confirm it fails, then fix the bug,
-run it again to confirm it's really fixed.
+and run the test again to confirm it's really fixed.
 
-If adding a new feature, add a test. In fact, always add a test. But wait, before adding
+If adding a new feature, add a test. In fact, always add a test. If adding a large
-any large feature, first open an issue for us to discuss the idea first.
+feature, please first open an issue to discuss it beforehand.
 
 ## Finally
 

docs/faq.md

@@ -84,16 +84,19 @@ See [Using _Black_ with other tools](labels/why-pycodestyle-warnings).
 
 ## Which Python versions does Black support?
 
-Currently the runtime requires Python 3.8-3.11. Formatting is supported for files
+_Black_ generally supports all Python versions supported by CPython (see
-containing syntax from Python 3.3 to 3.11. We promise to support at least all Python
+[the Python devguide](https://devguide.python.org/versions/) for current information).
-versions that have not reached their end of life. This is the case for both running
+We promise to support at least all Python versions that have not reached their end of
-_Black_ and formatting code.
+life. This is the case for both running _Black_ and formatting code.
 
 Support for formatting Python 2 code was removed in version 22.0. While we've made no
 plans to stop supporting older Python 3 minor versions immediately, their support might
 also be removed some time in the future without a deprecation period.
 
-Runtime support for 3.7 was removed in version 23.7.0.
+`await`/`async` as soft keywords/indentifiers are no longer supported as of 25.2.0.
+
+Runtime support for 3.6 was removed in version 22.10.0, for 3.7 in version 23.7.0, and
+for 3.8 in version 24.10.0.
 
 ## Why does my linter or typechecker complain after I format my code?
 

docs/getting_started.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Also, you can try out _Black_ online for minimal fuss on the
 
 ## Installation
 
-_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.8+ to run.
+_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.9+ to run.
 If you want to format Jupyter Notebooks, install with `pip install "black[jupyter]"`.
 
 If you use pipx, you can install Black with `pipx install black`.

docs/integrations/editors.md

@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Configuration:
 
 #### Installation
 
-This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.8+ support**. It needs Python 3.8 to
+This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.9+ support**. It needs Python 3.9 to
 be able to run _Black_ inside the Vim process which is much faster than calling an
 external command.
 

docs/integrations/github_actions.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
   lint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: psf/black@stable
 ```
 
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ the `pyproject.toml` file. `version` can be any
 [valid version specifier](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/glossary/#term-Version-Specifier)
 or just the version number if you want an exact version. To read the version from the
 `pyproject.toml` file instead, set `use_pyproject` to `true`. This will first look into
-the `tool.black.required-version` field, then the `project.dependencies` array and
+the `tool.black.required-version` field, then the `dependency-groups` table, then the
-finally the `project.optional-dependencies` table. The action defaults to the latest
+`project.dependencies` array and finally the `project.optional-dependencies` table. The
-release available on PyPI. Only versions available from PyPI are supported, so no commit
+action defaults to the latest release available on PyPI. Only versions available from
-SHAs or branch names.
+PyPI are supported, so no commit SHAs or branch names.
 
 If you want to include Jupyter Notebooks, _Black_ must be installed with the `jupyter`
 extra. Installing the extra and including Jupyter Notebook files can be configured via
@@ -74,9 +74,14 @@ If you want to match versions covered by Black's
     version: "~= 22.0"
 ```
 
-If you want to read the version from `pyproject.toml`, set `use_pyproject` to `true`:
+If you want to read the version from `pyproject.toml`, set `use_pyproject` to `true`.
+Note that this requires Python >= 3.11, so using the setup-python action may be
+required, for example:
 
 ```yaml
+- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+  with:
+    python-version: "3.13"
 - uses: psf/black@stable
   with:
     options: "--check --verbose"

docs/integrations/source_version_control.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you
 repos:
   # Using this mirror lets us use mypyc-compiled black, which is about 2x faster
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black-pre-commit-mirror
-    rev: 24.4.1
+    rev: 25.1.0
     hooks:
       - id: black
         # It is recommended to specify the latest version of Python
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ include Jupyter Notebooks. To use this hook, simply replace the hook's `id: blac
 repos:
   # Using this mirror lets us use mypyc-compiled black, which is about 2x faster
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black-pre-commit-mirror
-    rev: 24.4.1
+    rev: 25.1.0
     hooks:
       - id: black-jupyter
         # It is recommended to specify the latest version of Python

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # Used by ReadTheDocs; pinned requirements for stability.
 
-myst-parser==2.0.0
+myst-parser==4.0.1
-Sphinx==7.3.7
+Sphinx==8.2.3
 # Older versions break Sphinx even though they're declared to be supported.
-docutils==0.20.1
+docutils==0.21.2
-sphinxcontrib-programoutput==0.17
+sphinxcontrib-programoutput==0.18
 sphinx_copybutton==0.5.2
-furo==2024.1.29
+furo==2024.8.6

docs/the_black_code_style/current_style.md

@@ -250,6 +250,11 @@ exception of [capital "R" prefixes](#rstrings-and-rstrings), unicode literal mar
 (`u`) are removed because they are meaningless in Python 3, and in the case of multiple
 characters "r" is put first as in spoken language: "raw f-string".
 
+Another area where Python allows multiple ways to format a string is escape sequences.
+For example, `"\uabcd"` and `"\uABCD"` evaluate to the same string. _Black_ normalizes
+such escape sequences to lowercase, but uses uppercase for `\N` named character escapes,
+such as `"\N{MEETEI MAYEK LETTER HUK}"`.
+
 The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics. Having one kind
 of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction. It will also enable a future version of
 _Black_ to merge consecutive string literals that ended up on the same line (see

docs/the_black_code_style/future_style.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 ## Preview style
 
+(labels/preview-style)=
+
 Experimental, potentially disruptive style changes are gathered under the `--preview`
 CLI flag. At the end of each year, these changes may be adopted into the default style,
 as described in [The Black Code Style](index.md). Because the functionality is
@@ -20,22 +22,13 @@ demoted from the `--preview` to the `--unstable` style, users can use the
 
 Currently, the following features are included in the preview style:
 
-- `hex_codes_in_unicode_sequences`: normalize casing of Unicode escape characters in
+- `always_one_newline_after_import`: Always force one blank line after import
-  strings
+  statements, except when the line after the import is a comment or an import statement
-- `unify_docstring_detection`: fix inconsistencies in whether certain strings are
+- `wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens`: Add parentheses around long values in dictionaries
-  detected as docstrings
+  ([see below](labels/wrap-long-dict-values))
-- `no_normalize_fmt_skip_whitespace`: whitespace before `# fmt: skip` comments is no
+- `fix_fmt_skip_in_one_liners`: Fix `# fmt: skip` behaviour on one-liner declarations,
-  longer normalized
+  such as `def foo(): return "mock"  # fmt: skip`, where previously the declaration
-- `typed_params_trailing_comma`: consistently add trailing commas to typed function
+  would have been incorrectly collapsed.
-  parameters
-- `is_simple_lookup_for_doublestar_expression`: fix line length computation for certain
-  expressions that involve the power operator
-- `docstring_check_for_newline`: checks if there is a newline before the terminating
-  quotes of a docstring
-- `remove_redundant_guard_parens`: Removes redundant parentheses in `if` guards for
-  `case` blocks.
-- `parens_for_long_if_clauses_in_case_block`: Adds parentheses to `if` clauses in `case`
-  blocks when the line is too long
 
 (labels/unstable-features)=
 
@@ -43,13 +36,38 @@ The unstable style additionally includes the following features:
 
 - `string_processing`: split long string literals and related changes
   ([see below](labels/string-processing))
-- `wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens`: add parentheses to long values in dictionaries
-  ([see below](labels/wrap-long-dict-values))
 - `multiline_string_handling`: more compact formatting of expressions involving
   multiline strings ([see below](labels/multiline-string-handling))
 - `hug_parens_with_braces_and_square_brackets`: more compact formatting of nested
   brackets ([see below](labels/hug-parens))
 
+(labels/wrap-long-dict-values)=
+
+### Improved parentheses management in dicts
+
+For dict literals with long values, they are now wrapped in parentheses. Unnecessary
+parentheses are now removed. For example:
+
+```python
+my_dict = {
+    "a key in my dict": a_very_long_variable
+    * and_a_very_long_function_call()
+    / 100000.0,
+    "another key": (short_value),
+}
+```
+
+will be changed to:
+
+```python
+my_dict = {
+    "a key in my dict": (
+        a_very_long_variable * and_a_very_long_function_call() / 100000.0
+    ),
+    "another key": short_value,
+}
+```
+
 (labels/hug-parens)=
 
 ### Improved multiline dictionary and list indentation for sole function parameter
@@ -130,37 +148,11 @@ foo(
 
 _Black_ will split long string literals and merge short ones. Parentheses are used where
 appropriate. When split, parts of f-strings that don't need formatting are converted to
-plain strings. User-made splits are respected when they do not exceed the line length
+plain strings. f-strings will not be merged if they contain internal quotes and it would
-limit. Line continuation backslashes are converted into parenthesized strings.
+change their quotation mark style. User-made splits are respected when they do not
-Unnecessary parentheses are stripped. The stability and status of this feature is
+exceed the line length limit. Line continuation backslashes are converted into
-tracked in [this issue](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2188).
+parenthesized strings. Unnecessary parentheses are stripped. The stability and status of
-
+this feature istracked in [this issue](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2188).
-(labels/wrap-long-dict-values)=
-
-### Improved parentheses management in dicts
-
-For dict literals with long values, they are now wrapped in parentheses. Unnecessary
-parentheses are now removed. For example:
-
-```python
-my_dict = {
-    "a key in my dict": a_very_long_variable
-    * and_a_very_long_function_call()
-    / 100000.0,
-    "another key": (short_value),
-}
-```
-
-will be changed to:
-
-```python
-my_dict = {
-    "a key in my dict": (
-        a_very_long_variable * and_a_very_long_function_call() / 100000.0
-    ),
-    "another key": short_value,
-}
-```
 
 (labels/multiline-string-handling)=
 
@@ -275,52 +267,3 @@ s = (  # Top comment
     # Bottom comment
 )
 ```
-
-## Potential future changes
-
-This section lists changes that we may want to make in the future, but that aren't
-implemented yet.
-
-### Using backslashes for with statements
-
-[Backslashes are bad and should be never be used](labels/why-no-backslashes) however
-there is one exception: `with` statements using multiple context managers. Before Python
-3.9 Python's grammar does not allow organizing parentheses around the series of context
-managers.
-
-We don't want formatting like:
-
-```py3
-with make_context_manager1() as cm1, make_context_manager2() as cm2, make_context_manager3() as cm3, make_context_manager4() as cm4:
-    ...  # nothing to split on - line too long
-```
-
-So _Black_ will, when we implement this, format it like this:
-
-```py3
-with \
-     make_context_manager1() as cm1, \
-     make_context_manager2() as cm2, \
-     make_context_manager3() as cm3, \
-     make_context_manager4() as cm4 \
-:
-    ...  # backslashes and an ugly stranded colon
-```
-
-Although when the target version is Python 3.9 or higher, _Black_ uses parentheses
-instead in `--preview` mode (see below) since they're allowed in Python 3.9 and higher.
-
-An alternative to consider if the backslashes in the above formatting are undesirable is
-to use {external:py:obj}`contextlib.ExitStack` to combine context managers in the
-following way:
-
-```python
-with contextlib.ExitStack() as exit_stack:
-    cm1 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager1())
-    cm2 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager2())
-    cm3 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager3())
-    cm4 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager4())
-    ...
-```
-
-(labels/preview-style)=

docs/usage_and_configuration/black_docker_image.md

@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ _Black_ images with the following tags are available:
 - release numbers, e.g. `21.5b2`, `21.6b0`, `21.7b0` etc.\
   ℹ Recommended for users who want to use a particular version of _Black_.
 - `latest_release` - tag created when a new version of _Black_ is released.\
-  ℹ Recommended for users who want to use released versions of _Black_. It maps to [the latest release](https://github.com/psf/black/releases/latest)
+  ℹ Recommended for users who want to use released versions of _Black_. It maps to
-  of _Black_.
+  [the latest release](https://github.com/psf/black/releases/latest) of _Black_.
 - `latest_prerelease` - tag created when a new alpha (prerelease) version of _Black_ is
   released.\
-  ℹ Recommended for users who want to preview or test alpha versions of _Black_. Note that
+  ℹ Recommended for users who want to preview or test alpha versions of _Black_. Note
-  the most recent release may be newer than any prerelease, because no prereleases are created
+  that the most recent release may be newer than any prerelease, because no prereleases
-  before most releases.
+  are created before most releases.
 - `latest` - tag used for the newest image of _Black_.\
-  ℹ Recommended for users who always want to use the latest version of _Black_, even before
+  ℹ Recommended for users who always want to use the latest version of _Black_, even
-  it is released.
+  before it is released.
 
 There is one more tag used for _Black_ Docker images - `latest_non_release`. It is
 created for all unreleased

docs/usage_and_configuration/the_basics.md

@@ -70,17 +70,17 @@ See also [the style documentation](labels/line-length).
 
 Python versions that should be supported by Black's output. You can run `black --help`
 and look for the `--target-version` option to see the full list of supported versions.
-You should include all versions that your code supports. If you support Python 3.8
+You should include all versions that your code supports. If you support Python 3.11
-through 3.11, you should write:
+through 3.13, you should write:
 
 ```console
-$ black -t py38 -t py39 -t py310 -t py311
+$ black -t py311 -t py312 -t py313
 ```
 
 In a [configuration file](#configuration-via-a-file), you can write:
 
 ```toml
-target-version = ["py38", "py39", "py310", "py311"]
+target-version = ["py311", "py312", "py313"]
 ```
 
 By default, Black will infer target versions from the project metadata in
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ configuration file for consistent results across environments.
 
 ```console
 $ black --version
-black, 24.4.1 (compiled: yes)
+black, 25.1.0 (compiled: yes)
-$ black --required-version 24.4.1 -c "format = 'this'"
+$ black --required-version 25.1.0 -c "format = 'this'"
 format = "this"
 $ black --required-version 31.5b2 -c "still = 'beta?!'"
 Oh no! 💥 💔 💥 The required version does not match the running version!
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ You can check the version of _Black_ you have installed using the `--version` fl
 
 ```console
 $ black --version
-black, 24.4.1
+black, 25.1.0
 ```
 
 #### `--config`
@@ -478,9 +478,10 @@ operating system, this configuration file should be stored as:
   `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment variable is not set)
 
 Note that these are paths to the TOML file itself (meaning that they shouldn't be named
-as `pyproject.toml`), not directories where you store the configuration. Here, `~`
+as `pyproject.toml`), not directories where you store the configuration (i.e.,
-refers to the path to your home directory. On Windows, this will be something like
+`black`/`.black` is the file to create and add your configuration options to, in the
-`C:\\Users\UserName`.
+`~/.config/` directory). Here, `~` refers to the path to your home directory. On
+Windows, this will be something like `C:\\Users\UserName`.
 
 You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with
 `--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file.

gallery/gallery.py

@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@
 import venv
 import zipfile
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, Namespace
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from functools import lru_cache, partial
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Generator, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import NamedTuple, Optional, Union, cast
 from urllib.request import urlopen, urlretrieve
 
 PYPI_INSTANCE = "https://pypi.org/pypi"
 PYPI_TOP_PACKAGES = (
-    "https://hugovk.github.io/top-pypi-packages/top-pypi-packages-30-days.min.json"
+    "https://hugovk.github.io/top-pypi-packages/top-pypi-packages.min.json"
 )
 INTERNAL_BLACK_REPO = f"{tempfile.gettempdir()}/__black"
 
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ def get_pypi_download_url(package: str, version: Optional[str]) -> str:
     return cast(str, source["url"])
 
 
-def get_top_packages() -> List[str]:
+def get_top_packages() -> list[str]:
     with urlopen(PYPI_TOP_PACKAGES) as page:
         result = json.load(page)
 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ def git_switch_branch(
     subprocess.run(args, cwd=repo)
 
 
-def init_repos(options: Namespace) -> Tuple[Path, ...]:
+def init_repos(options: Namespace) -> tuple[Path, ...]:
     options.output.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
 
     if options.top_packages:
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ def format_repo_with_version(
     git_switch_branch(black_version.version, repo=black_repo)
     git_switch_branch(current_branch, repo=repo, new=True, from_branch=from_branch)
 
-    format_cmd: List[Union[Path, str]] = [
+    format_cmd: list[Union[Path, str]] = [
         black_runner(black_version.version, black_repo),
         (black_repo / "black.py").resolve(),
         ".",
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ def format_repo_with_version(
     return current_branch
 
 
-def format_repos(repos: Tuple[Path, ...], options: Namespace) -> None:
+def format_repos(repos: tuple[Path, ...], options: Namespace) -> None:
     black_versions = tuple(
         BlackVersion(*version.split(":")) for version in options.versions
     )

plugin/black.vim

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ endif
 
 if v:version < 700 || !has('python3')
     func! __BLACK_MISSING()
-        echo "The black.vim plugin requires vim7.0+ with Python 3.6 support."
+        echo "The black.vim plugin requires vim7.0+ with Python 3.9 support."
     endfunc
     command! Black :call __BLACK_MISSING()
     command! BlackUpgrade :call __BLACK_MISSING()
@@ -72,12 +72,11 @@ endif
 
 function BlackComplete(ArgLead, CmdLine, CursorPos)
   return [
-\    'target_version=py27',
-\    'target_version=py36',
-\    'target_version=py37',
-\    'target_version=py38',
 \    'target_version=py39',
 \    'target_version=py310',
+\    'target_version=py311',
+\    'target_version=py312',
+\    'target_version=py313',
 \  ]
 endfunction
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@
 
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 88
-target-version = ['py38']
+target-version = ['py39']
 include = '\.pyi?$'
 extend-exclude = '''
 /(
   # The following are specific to Black, you probably don't want those.
-  tests/data
+  tests/data/
-  | profiling
+  | profiling/
-)/
+  | scripts/generate_schema.py  # Uses match syntax
+)
 '''
 # We use the unstable style for formatting Black itself. If you
 # want bug-free formatting, you should keep this off. If you want
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 [project]
 name = "black"
 description = "The uncompromising code formatter."
-license = { text = "MIT" }
+license = "MIT"
-requires-python = ">=3.8"
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
 authors = [
   { name = "Łukasz Langa", email = "lukasz@langa.pl" },
 ]
@@ -54,11 +55,11 @@ classifiers = [
   "Operating System :: OS Independent",
   "Programming Language :: Python",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
   "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
   "Topic :: Software Development :: Quality Assurance",
 ]
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ dependencies = [
   "packaging>=22.0",
   "pathspec>=0.9.0",
   "platformdirs>=2",
+  "pytokens>=0.1.10",
   "tomli>=1.1.0; python_version < '3.11'",
   "typing_extensions>=4.0.1; python_version < '3.11'",
 ]
@@ -76,10 +78,7 @@ dynamic = ["readme", "version"]
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 colorama = ["colorama>=0.4.3"]
 uvloop = ["uvloop>=0.15.2"]
-d = [
+d = ["aiohttp>=3.10"]
-  "aiohttp>=3.7.4; sys_platform != 'win32' or implementation_name != 'pypy'",
-  "aiohttp>=3.7.4, !=3.9.0; sys_platform == 'win32' and implementation_name == 'pypy'",
-]
 jupyter = [
   "ipython>=7.8.0",
   "tokenize-rt>=3.2.0",
@@ -93,8 +92,10 @@ blackd = "blackd:patched_main [d]"
 black = "black.schema:get_schema"
 
 [project.urls]
+Documentation = "https://black.readthedocs.io/"
 Changelog = "https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/CHANGES.md"
-Homepage = "https://github.com/psf/black"
+Repository = "https://github.com/psf/black"
+Issues = "https://github.com/psf/black/issues"
 
 [tool.hatch.metadata.hooks.fancy-pypi-readme]
 content-type = "text/markdown"
@@ -125,8 +126,8 @@ macos-max-compat = true
 enable-by-default = false
 dependencies = [
   "hatch-mypyc>=0.16.0",
-  "mypy==1.7.1",
+  "mypy>=1.12",
-  "click==8.1.3",  # avoid https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/2558
+  "click>=8.1.7",
 ]
 require-runtime-dependencies = true
 exclude = [
@@ -149,12 +150,14 @@ options = { debug_level = "0" }
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 build-verbosity = 1
+
 # So these are the environments we target:
-# - Python: CPython 3.8+ only
+# - Python: CPython 3.9+ only
 # - Architecture (64-bit only): amd64 / x86_64, universal2, and arm64
 # - OS: Linux (no musl), Windows, and macOS
 build = "cp3*"
 skip = ["*-manylinux_i686", "*-musllinux_*", "*-win32", "pp*"]
+
 # This is the bare minimum needed to run the test suite. Pulling in the full
 # test_requirements.txt would download a bunch of other packages not necessary
 # here and would slow down the testing step a fair bit.
@@ -169,11 +172,9 @@ test-skip = ["*-macosx_arm64", "*-macosx_universal2:arm64"]
 HATCH_BUILD_HOOKS_ENABLE = "1"
 MYPYC_OPT_LEVEL = "3"
 MYPYC_DEBUG_LEVEL = "0"
-# CPython 3.11 wheels aren't available for aiohttp and building a Cython extension
-# from source also doesn't work.
-AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS = "1"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 before-build = [
     "yum install -y clang gcc",
 ]
@@ -182,19 +183,10 @@ before-build = [
 HATCH_BUILD_HOOKS_ENABLE = "1"
 MYPYC_OPT_LEVEL = "3"
 MYPYC_DEBUG_LEVEL = "0"
-AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS = "1"
 
 # Black needs Clang to compile successfully on Linux.
 CC = "clang"
 
-[tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
-build-frontend = { name = "build", args = ["--no-isolation"] }
-# Unfortunately, hatch doesn't respect MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
-before-build = [
-    "python -m pip install 'hatchling==1.20.0' hatch-vcs hatch-fancy-pypi-readme 'hatch-mypyc>=0.16.0' 'mypy==1.7.1' 'click==8.1.3'",
-    """sed -i '' -e "600,700s/'10_16'/os.environ['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'].replace('.', '_')/" $(python -c 'import hatchling.builders.wheel as h; print(h.__file__)') """,
-]
-
 [tool.isort]
 atomic = true
 profile = "black"
@@ -214,23 +206,7 @@ markers = [
   "incompatible_with_mypyc: run when testing mypyc compiled black"
 ]
 xfail_strict = true
-filterwarnings = [
+filterwarnings = ["error"]
-    "error",
-    # this is mitigated by a try/catch in https://github.com/psf/black/pull/2974/
-    # this ignore can be removed when support for aiohttp 3.7 is dropped.
-    '''ignore:Decorator `@unittest_run_loop` is no longer needed in aiohttp 3\.8\+:DeprecationWarning''',
-    # this is mitigated by a try/catch in https://github.com/psf/black/pull/3198/
-    # this ignore can be removed when support for aiohttp 3.x is dropped.
-    '''ignore:Middleware decorator is deprecated since 4\.0 and its behaviour is default, you can simply remove this decorator:DeprecationWarning''',
-    # aiohttp is using deprecated cgi modules - Safe to remove when fixed:
-    # https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/issues/6905
-    '''ignore:'cgi' is deprecated and slated for removal in Python 3.13:DeprecationWarning''',
-    # Work around https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/10977 for Python 3.12
-    '''ignore:(Attribute s|Attribute n|ast.Str|ast.Bytes|ast.NameConstant|ast.Num) is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14:DeprecationWarning''',
-    # Will be fixed with aiohttp 3.9.0
-    # https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/pull/7302
-    "ignore:datetime.*utcfromtimestamp\\(\\) is deprecated and scheduled for removal:DeprecationWarning",
-]
 [tool.coverage.report]
 omit = [
   "src/blib2to3/*",
@@ -246,9 +222,11 @@ branch = true
 # Specify the target platform details in config, so your developers are
 # free to run mypy on Windows, Linux, or macOS and get consistent
 # results.
-python_version = "3.8"
+python_version = "3.9"
 mypy_path = "src"
 strict = true
+strict_bytes = true
+local_partial_types = true
 # Unreachable blocks have been an issue when compiling mypyc, let's try to avoid 'em in the first place.
 warn_unreachable = true
 implicit_reexport = true

scripts/diff_shades_gha_helper.py

@@ -24,17 +24,12 @@
 from base64 import b64encode
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Final, Literal
 
 import click
 import urllib3
 from packaging.version import Version
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-    from typing import Final, Literal
-else:
-    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal
-
 COMMENT_FILE: Final = ".pr-comment.json"
 DIFF_STEP_NAME: Final = "Generate HTML diff report"
 DOCS_URL: Final = (

scripts/fuzz.py

@@ -5,14 +5,11 @@
 a coverage-guided fuzzer I'm working on.
 """
 
-import re
-
 import hypothesmith
 from hypothesis import HealthCheck, given, settings
 from hypothesis import strategies as st
 
 import black
-from blib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import TokenError
 
 
 # This test uses the Hypothesis and Hypothesmith libraries to generate random
@@ -45,23 +42,7 @@ def test_idempotent_any_syntatically_valid_python(
     compile(src_contents, "<string>", "exec")  # else the bug is in hypothesmith
 
     # Then format the code...
-    try:
     dst_contents = black.format_str(src_contents, mode=mode)
-    except black.InvalidInput:
-        # This is a bug - if it's valid Python code, as above, Black should be
-        # able to cope with it.  See issues #970, #1012
-        # TODO: remove this try-except block when issues are resolved.
-        return
-    except TokenError as e:
-        if (  # Special-case logic for backslashes followed by newlines or end-of-input
-            e.args[0] == "EOF in multi-line statement"
-            and re.search(r"\\($|\r?\n)", src_contents) is not None
-        ):
-            # This is a bug - if it's valid Python code, as above, Black should be
-            # able to cope with it.  See issue #1012.
-            # TODO: remove this block when the issue is resolved.
-            return
-        raise
 
     # And check that we got equivalent and stable output.
     black.assert_equivalent(src_contents, dst_contents)
@@ -80,7 +61,7 @@ def test_idempotent_any_syntatically_valid_python(
     try:
         import sys
 
-        import atheris  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+        import atheris
     except ImportError:
         pass
     else:

scripts/generate_schema.py

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def main(schemastore: bool, outfile: IO[str]) -> None:
     schema: dict[str, Any] = {
         "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
         "$id": (
-            "https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/black/resources/black.schema.json"
+            "https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/src/black/resources/black.schema.json"
         ),
         "$comment": "tool.black table in pyproject.toml",
         "type": "object",

scripts/make_width_table.py

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 """
 
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from os.path import basename, dirname, join
-from typing import Iterable, Tuple
 
 import wcwidth  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
 
 
-def make_width_table() -> Iterable[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
+def make_width_table() -> Iterable[tuple[int, int, int]]:
     start_codepoint = -1
     end_codepoint = -1
     range_width = -2
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ def main() -> None:
         f.write(f"""# Generated by {basename(__file__)}
 # wcwidth {wcwidth.__version__}
 # Unicode {wcwidth.list_versions()[-1]}
-from typing import Final, List, Tuple
+from typing import Final
 
-WIDTH_TABLE: Final[List[Tuple[int, int, int]]] = [
+WIDTH_TABLE: Final[list[tuple[int, int, int]]] = [
 """)
         for triple in make_width_table():
             f.write(f"    {triple!r},\n")

scripts/migrate-black.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 
 def git(*args: str) -> str:
-    return check_output(["git"] + list(args)).decode("utf8").strip()
+    return check_output(["git", *args]).decode("utf8").strip()
 
 
 def blackify(base_branch: str, black_command: str, logger: logging.Logger) -> int:
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ def blackify(base_branch: str, black_command: str, logger: logging.Logger) -> in
     merge_base = git("merge-base", "HEAD", base_branch)
     if not merge_base:
         logger.error(
-            "Could not find a common commit for current head and %s" % base_branch
+            f"Could not find a common commit for current head and {base_branch}"
         )
         return 1
 
     commits = git(
-        "log", "--reverse", "--pretty=format:%H", "%s~1..HEAD" % merge_base
+        "log", "--reverse", "--pretty=format:%H", f"{merge_base}~1..HEAD"
     ).split()
     for commit in commits:
-        git("checkout", commit, "-b%s-black" % commit)
+        git("checkout", commit, f"-b{commit}-black")
         check_output(black_command, shell=True)
         git("commit", "-aqm", "blackify")
 
-    git("checkout", base_branch, "-b%s-black" % current_branch)
+    git("checkout", base_branch, f"-b{current_branch}-black")
 
     for last_commit, commit in zip(commits, commits[1:]):
         allow_empty = (
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def blackify(base_branch: str, black_command: str, logger: logging.Logger) -> in
                 "diff",
                 "--binary",
                 "--find-copies",
-                "%s-black..%s-black" % (last_commit, commit),
+                f"{last_commit}-black..{commit}-black",
             ],
             stdout=PIPE,
         )
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def blackify(base_branch: str, black_command: str, logger: logging.Logger) -> in
         git("commit", "--allow-empty", "-aqC", commit)
 
     for commit in commits:
-        git("branch", "-qD", "%s-black" % commit)
+        git("branch", "-qD", f"{commit}-black")
 
     return 0
 

scripts/release.py

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 import sys
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import PIPE, run
+from subprocess import run
-from typing import List
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 NEW_VERSION_CHANGELOG_TEMPLATE = """\
@@ -70,9 +69,9 @@ class NoGitTagsError(Exception): ...  # noqa: E701,E761
 
 # TODO: Do better with alpha + beta releases
 # Maybe we vendor packaging library
-def get_git_tags(versions_only: bool = True) -> List[str]:
+def get_git_tags(versions_only: bool = True) -> list[str]:
     """Pull out all tags or calvers only"""
-    cp = run(["git", "tag"], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, check=True, encoding="utf8")
+    cp = run(["git", "tag"], capture_output=True, check=True, encoding="utf8")
     if not cp.stdout:
         LOG.error(f"Returned no git tags stdout: {cp.stderr}")
         raise NoGitTagsError

src/black/__init__.py

@@ -5,28 +5,22 @@
 import sys
 import tokenize
 import traceback
+from collections.abc import (
+    Collection,
+    Generator,
+    Iterator,
+    MutableMapping,
+    Sequence,
+    Sized,
+)
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from dataclasses import replace
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from enum import Enum
 from json.decoder import JSONDecodeError
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import (
+from re import Pattern
-    Any,
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
-    Collection,
-    Dict,
-    Generator,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
-    Pattern,
-    Sequence,
-    Set,
-    Sized,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-)
 
 import click
 from click.core import ParameterSource
@@ -57,12 +51,12 @@
 )
 from black.handle_ipynb_magics import (
     PYTHON_CELL_MAGICS,
-    TRANSFORMED_MAGICS,
     jupyter_dependencies_are_installed,
     mask_cell,
     put_trailing_semicolon_back,
     remove_trailing_semicolon,
     unmask_cell,
+    validate_cell,
 )
 from black.linegen import LN, LineGenerator, transform_line
 from black.lines import EmptyLineTracker, LinesBlock
@@ -176,7 +170,7 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
             "line-ranges", "Cannot use line-ranges in the pyproject.toml file."
         )
 
-    default_map: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    default_map: dict[str, Any] = {}
     if ctx.default_map:
         default_map.update(ctx.default_map)
     default_map.update(config)
@@ -186,9 +180,9 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
 
 
 def spellcheck_pyproject_toml_keys(
-    ctx: click.Context, config_keys: List[str], config_file_path: str
+    ctx: click.Context, config_keys: list[str], config_file_path: str
 ) -> None:
-    invalid_keys: List[str] = []
+    invalid_keys: list[str] = []
     available_config_options = {param.name for param in ctx.command.params}
     for key in config_keys:
         if key not in available_config_options:
@@ -202,8 +196,8 @@ def spellcheck_pyproject_toml_keys(
 
 
 def target_version_option_callback(
-    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: Tuple[str, ...]
+    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: tuple[str, ...]
-) -> List[TargetVersion]:
+) -> list[TargetVersion]:
     """Compute the target versions from a --target-version flag.
 
     This is its own function because mypy couldn't infer the type correctly
@@ -213,8 +207,8 @@ def target_version_option_callback(
 
 
 def enable_unstable_feature_callback(
-    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: Tuple[str, ...]
+    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: tuple[str, ...]
-) -> List[Preview]:
+) -> list[Preview]:
     """Compute the features from an --enable-unstable-feature flag."""
     return [Preview[val] for val in v]
 
@@ -519,7 +513,7 @@ def main(  # noqa: C901
     ctx: click.Context,
     code: Optional[str],
     line_length: int,
-    target_version: List[TargetVersion],
+    target_version: list[TargetVersion],
     check: bool,
     diff: bool,
     line_ranges: Sequence[str],
@@ -533,7 +527,7 @@ def main(  # noqa: C901
     skip_magic_trailing_comma: bool,
     preview: bool,
     unstable: bool,
-    enable_unstable_feature: List[Preview],
+    enable_unstable_feature: list[Preview],
     quiet: bool,
     verbose: bool,
     required_version: Optional[str],
@@ -543,12 +537,21 @@ def main(  # noqa: C901
     force_exclude: Optional[Pattern[str]],
     stdin_filename: Optional[str],
     workers: Optional[int],
-    src: Tuple[str, ...],
+    src: tuple[str, ...],
     config: Optional[str],
 ) -> None:
     """The uncompromising code formatter."""
     ctx.ensure_object(dict)
 
+    assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), "Black requires Python 3.9+"
+    if sys.version_info[:3] == (3, 12, 5):
+        out(
+            "Python 3.12.5 has a memory safety issue that can cause Black's "
+            "AST safety checks to fail. "
+            "Please upgrade to Python 3.12.6 or downgrade to Python 3.12.4"
+        )
+        ctx.exit(1)
+
     if src and code is not None:
         out(
             main.get_usage(ctx)
@@ -634,7 +637,7 @@ def main(  # noqa: C901
         enabled_features=set(enable_unstable_feature),
     )
 
-    lines: List[Tuple[int, int]] = []
+    lines: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
     if line_ranges:
         if ipynb:
             err("Cannot use --line-ranges with ipynb files.")
@@ -724,7 +727,7 @@ def main(  # noqa: C901
 def get_sources(
     *,
     root: Path,
-    src: Tuple[str, ...],
+    src: tuple[str, ...],
     quiet: bool,
     verbose: bool,
     include: Pattern[str],
@@ -733,19 +736,25 @@ def get_sources(
     force_exclude: Optional[Pattern[str]],
     report: "Report",
     stdin_filename: Optional[str],
-) -> Set[Path]:
+) -> set[Path]:
     """Compute the set of files to be formatted."""
-    sources: Set[Path] = set()
+    sources: set[Path] = set()
 
     assert root.is_absolute(), f"INTERNAL ERROR: `root` must be absolute but is {root}"
     using_default_exclude = exclude is None
     exclude = re_compile_maybe_verbose(DEFAULT_EXCLUDES) if exclude is None else exclude
-    gitignore: Optional[Dict[Path, PathSpec]] = None
+    gitignore: Optional[dict[Path, PathSpec]] = None
     root_gitignore = get_gitignore(root)
 
     for s in src:
         if s == "-" and stdin_filename:
             path = Path(stdin_filename)
+            if path_is_excluded(stdin_filename, force_exclude):
+                report.path_ignored(
+                    path,
+                    "--stdin-filename matches the --force-exclude regular expression",
+                )
+                continue
             is_stdin = True
         else:
             path = Path(s)
@@ -832,7 +841,7 @@ def reformat_code(
     mode: Mode,
     report: Report,
     *,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> None:
     """
     Reformat and print out `content` without spawning child processes.
@@ -865,7 +874,7 @@ def reformat_one(
     mode: Mode,
     report: "Report",
     *,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> None:
     """Reformat a single file under `src` without spawning child processes.
 
@@ -921,7 +930,7 @@ def format_file_in_place(
     write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
     lock: Any = None,  # multiprocessing.Manager().Lock() is some crazy proxy
     *,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file under `src` path. Return True if changed.
 
@@ -988,7 +997,7 @@ def format_stdin_to_stdout(
     content: Optional[str] = None,
     write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
     mode: Mode,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file on stdin. Return True if changed.
 
@@ -1039,7 +1048,7 @@ def check_stability_and_equivalence(
     dst_contents: str,
     *,
     mode: Mode,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> None:
     """Perform stability and equivalence checks.
 
@@ -1056,7 +1065,7 @@ def format_file_contents(
     *,
     fast: bool,
     mode: Mode,
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = (),
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = (),
 ) -> FileContent:
     """Reformat contents of a file and return new contents.
 
@@ -1079,32 +1088,6 @@ def format_file_contents(
     return dst_contents
 
 
-def validate_cell(src: str, mode: Mode) -> None:
-    """Check that cell does not already contain TransformerManager transformations,
-    or non-Python cell magics, which might cause tokenizer_rt to break because of
-    indentations.
-
-    If a cell contains ``!ls``, then it'll be transformed to
-    ``get_ipython().system('ls')``. However, if the cell originally contained
-    ``get_ipython().system('ls')``, then it would get transformed in the same way:
-
-        >>> TransformerManager().transform_cell("get_ipython().system('ls')")
-        "get_ipython().system('ls')\n"
-        >>> TransformerManager().transform_cell("!ls")
-        "get_ipython().system('ls')\n"
-
-    Due to the impossibility of safely roundtripping in such situations, cells
-    containing transformed magics will be ignored.
-    """
-    if any(transformed_magic in src for transformed_magic in TRANSFORMED_MAGICS):
-        raise NothingChanged
-    if (
-        src[:2] == "%%"
-        and src.split()[0][2:] not in PYTHON_CELL_MAGICS | mode.python_cell_magics
-    ):
-        raise NothingChanged
-
-
 def format_cell(src: str, *, fast: bool, mode: Mode) -> str:
     """Format code in given cell of Jupyter notebook.
 
@@ -1187,7 +1170,7 @@ def format_ipynb_string(src_contents: str, *, fast: bool, mode: Mode) -> FileCon
 
 
 def format_str(
-    src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = ()
+    src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = ()
 ) -> str:
     """Reformat a string and return new contents.
 
@@ -1234,10 +1217,10 @@ def f(
 
 
 def _format_str_once(
-    src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = ()
+    src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = ()
 ) -> str:
     src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents.lstrip(), mode.target_versions)
-    dst_blocks: List[LinesBlock] = []
+    dst_blocks: list[LinesBlock] = []
     if mode.target_versions:
         versions = mode.target_versions
     else:
@@ -1287,7 +1270,7 @@ def _format_str_once(
     return "".join(dst_contents)
 
 
-def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
+def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
     """Return a tuple of (decoded_contents, encoding, newline).
 
     `newline` is either CRLF or LF but `decoded_contents` is decoded with
@@ -1305,8 +1288,8 @@ def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
 
 
 def get_features_used(  # noqa: C901
-    node: Node, *, future_imports: Optional[Set[str]] = None
+    node: Node, *, future_imports: Optional[set[str]] = None
-) -> Set[Feature]:
+) -> set[Feature]:
     """Return a set of (relatively) new Python features used in this file.
 
     Currently looking for:
@@ -1324,7 +1307,7 @@ def get_features_used(  # noqa: C901
     - except* clause;
     - variadic generics;
     """
-    features: Set[Feature] = set()
+    features: set[Feature] = set()
     if future_imports:
         features |= {
             FUTURE_FLAG_TO_FEATURE[future_import]
@@ -1462,8 +1445,8 @@ def _contains_asexpr(node: Union[Node, Leaf]) -> bool:
 
 
 def detect_target_versions(
-    node: Node, *, future_imports: Optional[Set[str]] = None
+    node: Node, *, future_imports: Optional[set[str]] = None
-) -> Set[TargetVersion]:
+) -> set[TargetVersion]:
     """Detect the version to target based on the nodes used."""
     features = get_features_used(node, future_imports=future_imports)
     return {
@@ -1471,11 +1454,11 @@ def detect_target_versions(
     }
 
 
-def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
+def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> set[str]:
     """Return a set of __future__ imports in the file."""
-    imports: Set[str] = set()
+    imports: set[str] = set()
 
-    def get_imports_from_children(children: List[LN]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    def get_imports_from_children(children: list[LN]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
         for child in children:
             if isinstance(child, Leaf):
                 if child.type == token.NAME:
@@ -1521,6 +1504,13 @@ def get_imports_from_children(children: List[LN]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
     return imports
 
 
+def _black_info() -> str:
+    return (
+        f"Black {__version__} on "
+        f"Python ({platform.python_implementation()}) {platform.python_version()}"
+    )
+
+
 def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `src` and `dst` aren't equivalent."""
     try:
@@ -1538,7 +1528,7 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     except Exception as exc:
         log = dump_to_file("".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
         raise ASTSafetyError(
-            f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced invalid code: {exc}. "
+            f"INTERNAL ERROR: {_black_info()} produced invalid code: {exc}. "
             "Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "
             f"This invalid output might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
@@ -1548,14 +1538,14 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     if src_ast_str != dst_ast_str:
         log = dump_to_file(diff(src_ast_str, dst_ast_str, "src", "dst"))
         raise ASTSafetyError(
-            "INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to the"
+            f"INTERNAL ERROR: {_black_info()} produced code that is not equivalent to"
-            " source.  Please report a bug on "
+            " the source.  Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues."
-            f"https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  This diff might be helpful: {log}"
+            f"  This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 
 def assert_stable(
-    src: str, dst: str, mode: Mode, *, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]] = ()
+    src: str, dst: str, mode: Mode, *, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]] = ()
 ) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `dst` reformats differently the second time."""
     if lines:
@@ -1576,9 +1566,9 @@ def assert_stable(
             diff(dst, newdst, "first pass", "second pass"),
         )
         raise AssertionError(
-            "INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced different code on the second pass of the"
+            f"INTERNAL ERROR: {_black_info()} produced different code on the second"
-            " formatter.  Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues."
+            " pass of the formatter.  Please report a bug on"
-            f"  This diff might be helpful: {log}"
+            f" https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 

src/black/_width_table.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # Generated by make_width_table.py
 # wcwidth 0.2.6
 # Unicode 15.0.0
-from typing import Final, List, Tuple
+from typing import Final
 
-WIDTH_TABLE: Final[List[Tuple[int, int, int]]] = [
+WIDTH_TABLE: Final[list[tuple[int, int, int]]] = [
     (0, 0, 0),
     (1, 31, -1),
     (127, 159, -1),

src/black/brackets.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 """Builds on top of nodes.py to track brackets."""
 
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Dict, Final, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Final, Optional, Union
 
 from black.nodes import (
     BRACKET,
@@ -60,12 +61,12 @@ class BracketTracker:
     """Keeps track of brackets on a line."""
 
     depth: int = 0
-    bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    bracket_match: dict[tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    delimiters: dict[LeafID, Priority] = field(default_factory=dict)
     previous: Optional[Leaf] = None
-    _for_loop_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
+    _for_loop_depths: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)
-    _lambda_argument_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
+    _lambda_argument_depths: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)
-    invisible: List[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
+    invisible: list[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     def mark(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         """Mark `leaf` with bracket-related metadata. Keep track of delimiters.
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> Priority:
         return 0
 
 
-def get_leaves_inside_matching_brackets(leaves: Sequence[Leaf]) -> Set[LeafID]:
+def get_leaves_inside_matching_brackets(leaves: Sequence[Leaf]) -> set[LeafID]:
     """Return leaves that are inside matching brackets.
 
     The input `leaves` can have non-matching brackets at the head or tail parts.

src/black/cache.py

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 import pickle
 import sys
 import tempfile
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, NamedTuple, Set, Tuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from platformdirs import user_cache_dir
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ def get_cache_file(mode: Mode) -> Path:
 class Cache:
     mode: Mode
     cache_file: Path
-    file_data: Dict[str, FileData] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    file_data: dict[str, FileData] = field(default_factory=dict)
 
     @classmethod
     def read(cls, mode: Mode) -> Self:
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ def read(cls, mode: Mode) -> Self:
 
         with cache_file.open("rb") as fobj:
             try:
-                data: Dict[str, Tuple[float, int, str]] = pickle.load(fobj)
+                data: dict[str, tuple[float, int, str]] = pickle.load(fobj)
                 file_data = {k: FileData(*v) for k, v in data.items()}
             except (pickle.UnpicklingError, ValueError, IndexError):
                 return cls(mode, cache_file)
@@ -114,14 +115,14 @@ def is_changed(self, source: Path) -> bool:
                 return True
         return False
 
-    def filtered_cached(self, sources: Iterable[Path]) -> Tuple[Set[Path], Set[Path]]:
+    def filtered_cached(self, sources: Iterable[Path]) -> tuple[set[Path], set[Path]]:
         """Split an iterable of paths in `sources` into two sets.
 
         The first contains paths of files that modified on disk or are not in the
         cache. The other contains paths to non-modified files.
         """
-        changed: Set[Path] = set()
+        changed: set[Path] = set()
-        done: Set[Path] = set()
+        done: set[Path] = set()
         for src in sources:
             if self.is_changed(src):
                 changed.add(src)
@@ -139,9 +140,8 @@ def write(self, sources: Iterable[Path]) -> None:
             with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                 dir=str(self.cache_file.parent), delete=False
             ) as f:
-                # We store raw tuples in the cache because pickling NamedTuples
+                # We store raw tuples in the cache because it's faster.
-                # doesn't work with mypyc on Python 3.8, and because it's faster.
+                data: dict[str, tuple[float, int, str]] = {
-                data: Dict[str, Tuple[float, int, str]] = {
                     k: (*v,) for k, v in self.file_data.items()
                 }
                 pickle.dump(data, f, protocol=4)

src/black/comments.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import re
+from collections.abc import Collection, Iterator
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
-from typing import Collection, Final, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Final, Optional, Union
 
 from black.mode import Mode, Preview
 from black.nodes import (
@@ -77,9 +78,9 @@ def generate_comments(leaf: LN) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
 
 
 @lru_cache(maxsize=4096)
-def list_comments(prefix: str, *, is_endmarker: bool) -> List[ProtoComment]:
+def list_comments(prefix: str, *, is_endmarker: bool) -> list[ProtoComment]:
     """Return a list of :class:`ProtoComment` objects parsed from the given `prefix`."""
-    result: List[ProtoComment] = []
+    result: list[ProtoComment] = []
     if not prefix or "#" not in prefix:
         return result
 
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ def make_comment(content: str) -> str:
 
 
 def normalize_fmt_off(
-    node: Node, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]]
+    node: Node, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]]
 ) -> None:
     """Convert content between `# fmt: off`/`# fmt: on` into standalone comments."""
     try_again = True
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ def normalize_fmt_off(
 
 
 def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(
-    node: Node, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]]
+    node: Node, mode: Mode, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]]
 ) -> bool:
     """Convert content of a single `# fmt: off`/`# fmt: on` into a standalone comment.
 
@@ -184,24 +185,24 @@ def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(
     for leaf in node.leaves():
         previous_consumed = 0
         for comment in list_comments(leaf.prefix, is_endmarker=False):
-            should_pass_fmt = comment.value in FMT_OFF or _contains_fmt_skip_comment(
+            is_fmt_off = comment.value in FMT_OFF
-                comment.value, mode
+            is_fmt_skip = _contains_fmt_skip_comment(comment.value, mode)
-            )
+            if (not is_fmt_off and not is_fmt_skip) or (
-            if not should_pass_fmt:
+                # Invalid use when `# fmt: off` is applied before a closing bracket.
+                is_fmt_off
+                and leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS
+            ):
                 previous_consumed = comment.consumed
                 continue
             # We only want standalone comments. If there's no previous leaf or
             # the previous leaf is indentation, it's a standalone comment in
             # disguise.
-            if should_pass_fmt and comment.type != STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+            if comment.type != STANDALONE_COMMENT:
                 prev = preceding_leaf(leaf)
                 if prev:
-                    if comment.value in FMT_OFF and prev.type not in WHITESPACE:
+                    if is_fmt_off and prev.type not in WHITESPACE:
                         continue
-                    if (
+                    if is_fmt_skip and prev.type in WHITESPACE:
-                        _contains_fmt_skip_comment(comment.value, mode)
-                        and prev.type in WHITESPACE
-                    ):
                         continue
 
             ignored_nodes = list(generate_ignored_nodes(leaf, comment, mode))
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(
             prefix = first.prefix
             if comment.value in FMT_OFF:
                 first.prefix = prefix[comment.consumed :]
-            if _contains_fmt_skip_comment(comment.value, mode):
+            if is_fmt_skip:
                 first.prefix = ""
                 standalone_comment_prefix = prefix
             else:
@@ -233,12 +234,8 @@ def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(
                         fmt_off_prefix = fmt_off_prefix.split("\n")[-1]
                 standalone_comment_prefix += fmt_off_prefix
                 hidden_value = comment.value + "\n" + hidden_value
-            if _contains_fmt_skip_comment(comment.value, mode):
+            if is_fmt_skip:
-                hidden_value += (
+                hidden_value += comment.leading_whitespace + comment.value
-                    comment.leading_whitespace
-                    if Preview.no_normalize_fmt_skip_whitespace in mode
-                    else "  "
-                ) + comment.value
             if hidden_value.endswith("\n"):
                 # That happens when one of the `ignored_nodes` ended with a NEWLINE
                 # leaf (possibly followed by a DEDENT).
@@ -273,7 +270,7 @@ def generate_ignored_nodes(
     Stops at the end of the block.
     """
     if _contains_fmt_skip_comment(comment.value, mode):
-        yield from _generate_ignored_nodes_from_fmt_skip(leaf, comment)
+        yield from _generate_ignored_nodes_from_fmt_skip(leaf, comment, mode)
         return
     container: Optional[LN] = container_of(leaf)
     while container is not None and container.type != token.ENDMARKER:
@@ -312,23 +309,67 @@ def generate_ignored_nodes(
 
 
 def _generate_ignored_nodes_from_fmt_skip(
-    leaf: Leaf, comment: ProtoComment
+    leaf: Leaf, comment: ProtoComment, mode: Mode
 ) -> Iterator[LN]:
     """Generate all leaves that should be ignored by the `# fmt: skip` from `leaf`."""
     prev_sibling = leaf.prev_sibling
     parent = leaf.parent
+    ignored_nodes: list[LN] = []
     # Need to properly format the leaf prefix to compare it to comment.value,
     # which is also formatted
     comments = list_comments(leaf.prefix, is_endmarker=False)
     if not comments or comment.value != comments[0].value:
         return
     if prev_sibling is not None:
-        leaf.prefix = ""
+        leaf.prefix = leaf.prefix[comment.consumed :]
+
+        if Preview.fix_fmt_skip_in_one_liners not in mode:
             siblings = [prev_sibling]
-        while "\n" not in prev_sibling.prefix and prev_sibling.prev_sibling is not None:
+            while (
+                "\n" not in prev_sibling.prefix
+                and prev_sibling.prev_sibling is not None
+            ):
                 prev_sibling = prev_sibling.prev_sibling
                 siblings.insert(0, prev_sibling)
             yield from siblings
+            return
+
+        # Generates the nodes to be ignored by `fmt: skip`.
+
+        # Nodes to ignore are the ones on the same line as the
+        # `# fmt: skip` comment, excluding the `# fmt: skip`
+        # node itself.
+
+        # Traversal process (starting at the `# fmt: skip` node):
+        # 1. Move to the `prev_sibling` of the current node.
+        # 2. If `prev_sibling` has children, go to its rightmost leaf.
+        # 3. If there’s no `prev_sibling`, move up to the parent
+        # node and repeat.
+        # 4. Continue until:
+        #    a. You encounter an `INDENT` or `NEWLINE` node (indicates
+        #       start of the line).
+        #    b. You reach the root node.
+
+        # Include all visited LEAVES in the ignored list, except INDENT
+        # or NEWLINE leaves.
+
+        current_node = prev_sibling
+        ignored_nodes = [current_node]
+        if current_node.prev_sibling is None and current_node.parent is not None:
+            current_node = current_node.parent
+        while "\n" not in current_node.prefix and current_node.prev_sibling is not None:
+            leaf_nodes = list(current_node.prev_sibling.leaves())
+            current_node = leaf_nodes[-1] if leaf_nodes else current_node
+
+            if current_node.type in (token.NEWLINE, token.INDENT):
+                current_node.prefix = ""
+                break
+
+            ignored_nodes.insert(0, current_node)
+
+            if current_node.prev_sibling is None and current_node.parent is not None:
+                current_node = current_node.parent
+        yield from ignored_nodes
     elif (
         parent is not None and parent.type == syms.suite and leaf.type == token.NEWLINE
     ):
@@ -336,7 +377,6 @@ def _generate_ignored_nodes_from_fmt_skip(
         # statements. The ignored nodes should be previous siblings of the
         # parent suite node.
         leaf.prefix = ""
-        ignored_nodes: List[LN] = []
         parent_sibling = parent.prev_sibling
         while parent_sibling is not None and parent_sibling.type != syms.suite:
             ignored_nodes.insert(0, parent_sibling)
@@ -376,7 +416,7 @@ def children_contains_fmt_on(container: LN) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def contains_pragma_comment(comment_list: List[Leaf]) -> bool:
+def contains_pragma_comment(comment_list: list[Leaf]) -> bool:
     """
     Returns:
         True iff one of the comments in @comment_list is a pragma used by one

src/black/concurrency.py

@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@
 import signal
 import sys
 import traceback
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor, ThreadPoolExecutor
 from multiprocessing import Manager
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Set
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr
 
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def shutdown(loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
 # not ideal, but this shouldn't cause any issues ... hopefully. ~ichard26
 @mypyc_attr(patchable=True)
 def reformat_many(
-    sources: Set[Path],
+    sources: set[Path],
     fast: bool,
     write_back: WriteBack,
     mode: Mode,
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ def reformat_many(
 
 
 async def schedule_formatting(
-    sources: Set[Path],
+    sources: set[Path],
     fast: bool,
     write_back: WriteBack,
     mode: Mode,

src/black/debug.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Iterator, List, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Union
 
 from black.nodes import Visitor
 from black.output import out
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@
 @dataclass
 class DebugVisitor(Visitor[T]):
     tree_depth: int = 0
-    list_output: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    list_output: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     print_output: bool = True
 
     def out(self, message: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:

src/black/files.py

@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
 import io
 import os
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import (
+from re import Pattern
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
-    Any,
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Pattern,
-    Sequence,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-)
 
 from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr
 from packaging.specifiers import InvalidSpecifier, Specifier, SpecifierSet
@@ -43,7 +33,7 @@
 
 
 @lru_cache
-def _load_toml(path: Union[Path, str]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def _load_toml(path: Union[Path, str]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     with open(path, "rb") as f:
         return tomllib.load(f)
 
@@ -56,9 +46,12 @@ def _cached_resolve(path: Path) -> Path:
 @lru_cache
 def find_project_root(
     srcs: Sequence[str], stdin_filename: Optional[str] = None
-) -> Tuple[Path, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, str]:
     """Return a directory containing .git, .hg, or pyproject.toml.
 
+    pyproject.toml files are only considered if they contain a [tool.black]
+    section and are ignored otherwise.
+
     That directory will be a common parent of all files and directories
     passed in `srcs`.
 
@@ -103,7 +96,7 @@ def find_project_root(
 
 
 def find_pyproject_toml(
-    path_search_start: Tuple[str, ...], stdin_filename: Optional[str] = None
+    path_search_start: tuple[str, ...], stdin_filename: Optional[str] = None
 ) -> Optional[str]:
     """Find the absolute filepath to a pyproject.toml if it exists"""
     path_project_root, _ = find_project_root(path_search_start, stdin_filename)
@@ -125,13 +118,13 @@ def find_pyproject_toml(
 
 
 @mypyc_attr(patchable=True)
-def parse_pyproject_toml(path_config: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def parse_pyproject_toml(path_config: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Parse a pyproject toml file, pulling out relevant parts for Black.
 
     If parsing fails, will raise a tomllib.TOMLDecodeError.
     """
     pyproject_toml = _load_toml(path_config)
-    config: Dict[str, Any] = pyproject_toml.get("tool", {}).get("black", {})
+    config: dict[str, Any] = pyproject_toml.get("tool", {}).get("black", {})
     config = {k.replace("--", "").replace("-", "_"): v for k, v in config.items()}
 
     if "target_version" not in config:
@@ -143,8 +136,8 @@ def parse_pyproject_toml(path_config: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
 
 def infer_target_version(
-    pyproject_toml: Dict[str, Any],
+    pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any],
-) -> Optional[List[TargetVersion]]:
+) -> Optional[list[TargetVersion]]:
     """Infer Black's target version from the project metadata in pyproject.toml.
 
     Supports the PyPA standard format (PEP 621):
@@ -167,7 +160,7 @@ def infer_target_version(
     return None
 
 
-def parse_req_python_version(requires_python: str) -> Optional[List[TargetVersion]]:
+def parse_req_python_version(requires_python: str) -> Optional[list[TargetVersion]]:
     """Parse a version string (i.e. ``"3.7"``) to a list of TargetVersion.
 
     If parsing fails, will raise a packaging.version.InvalidVersion error.
@@ -182,7 +175,7 @@ def parse_req_python_version(requires_python: str) -> Optional[List[TargetVersio
         return None
 
 
-def parse_req_python_specifier(requires_python: str) -> Optional[List[TargetVersion]]:
+def parse_req_python_specifier(requires_python: str) -> Optional[list[TargetVersion]]:
     """Parse a specifier string (i.e. ``">=3.7,<3.10"``) to a list of TargetVersion.
 
     If parsing fails, will raise a packaging.specifiers.InvalidSpecifier error.
@@ -193,7 +186,7 @@ def parse_req_python_specifier(requires_python: str) -> Optional[List[TargetVers
         return None
 
     target_version_map = {f"3.{v.value}": v for v in TargetVersion}
-    compatible_versions: List[str] = list(specifier_set.filter(target_version_map))
+    compatible_versions: list[str] = list(specifier_set.filter(target_version_map))
     if compatible_versions:
         return [target_version_map[v] for v in compatible_versions]
     return None
@@ -248,7 +241,7 @@ def find_user_pyproject_toml() -> Path:
 def get_gitignore(root: Path) -> PathSpec:
     """Return a PathSpec matching gitignore content if present."""
     gitignore = root / ".gitignore"
-    lines: List[str] = []
+    lines: list[str] = []
     if gitignore.is_file():
         with gitignore.open(encoding="utf-8") as gf:
             lines = gf.readlines()
@@ -269,8 +262,6 @@ def resolves_outside_root_or_cannot_stat(
     root directory. Also returns True if we failed to resolve the path.
     """
     try:
-        if sys.version_info < (3, 8, 6):
-            path = path.absolute()  # https://bugs.python.org/issue33660
         resolved_path = _cached_resolve(path)
     except OSError as e:
         if report:
@@ -301,7 +292,7 @@ def best_effort_relative_path(path: Path, root: Path) -> Path:
 def _path_is_ignored(
     root_relative_path: str,
     root: Path,
-    gitignore_dict: Dict[Path, PathSpec],
+    gitignore_dict: dict[Path, PathSpec],
 ) -> bool:
     path = root / root_relative_path
     # Note that this logic is sensitive to the ordering of gitignore_dict. Callers must
@@ -309,6 +300,8 @@ def _path_is_ignored(
     for gitignore_path, pattern in gitignore_dict.items():
         try:
             relative_path = path.relative_to(gitignore_path).as_posix()
+            if path.is_dir():
+                relative_path = relative_path + "/"
         except ValueError:
             break
         if pattern.match_file(relative_path):
@@ -332,7 +325,7 @@ def gen_python_files(
     extend_exclude: Optional[Pattern[str]],
     force_exclude: Optional[Pattern[str]],
     report: Report,
-    gitignore_dict: Optional[Dict[Path, PathSpec]],
+    gitignore_dict: Optional[dict[Path, PathSpec]],
     *,
     verbose: bool,
     quiet: bool,

src/black/handle_ipynb_magics.py

@@ -3,17 +3,19 @@
 import ast
 import collections
 import dataclasses
+import re
 import secrets
 import sys
 from functools import lru_cache
 from importlib.util import find_spec
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Optional
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
     from typing import TypeGuard
 else:
     from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
 
+from black.mode import Mode
 from black.output import out
 from black.report import NothingChanged
 
@@ -41,7 +43,6 @@
     "time",
     "timeit",
 ))
-TOKEN_HEX = secrets.token_hex
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -64,7 +65,35 @@ def jupyter_dependencies_are_installed(*, warn: bool) -> bool:
     return installed
 
 
-def remove_trailing_semicolon(src: str) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
+def validate_cell(src: str, mode: Mode) -> None:
+    """Check that cell does not already contain TransformerManager transformations,
+    or non-Python cell magics, which might cause tokenizer_rt to break because of
+    indentations.
+
+    If a cell contains ``!ls``, then it'll be transformed to
+    ``get_ipython().system('ls')``. However, if the cell originally contained
+    ``get_ipython().system('ls')``, then it would get transformed in the same way:
+
+        >>> TransformerManager().transform_cell("get_ipython().system('ls')")
+        "get_ipython().system('ls')\n"
+        >>> TransformerManager().transform_cell("!ls")
+        "get_ipython().system('ls')\n"
+
+    Due to the impossibility of safely roundtripping in such situations, cells
+    containing transformed magics will be ignored.
+    """
+    if any(transformed_magic in src for transformed_magic in TRANSFORMED_MAGICS):
+        raise NothingChanged
+
+    line = _get_code_start(src)
+    if line.startswith("%%") and (
+        line.split(maxsplit=1)[0][2:]
+        not in PYTHON_CELL_MAGICS | mode.python_cell_magics
+    ):
+        raise NothingChanged
+
+
+def remove_trailing_semicolon(src: str) -> tuple[str, bool]:
     """Remove trailing semicolon from Jupyter notebook cell.
 
     For example,
@@ -120,7 +149,7 @@ def put_trailing_semicolon_back(src: str, has_trailing_semicolon: bool) -> str:
     return str(tokens_to_src(tokens))
 
 
-def mask_cell(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
+def mask_cell(src: str) -> tuple[str, list[Replacement]]:
     """Mask IPython magics so content becomes parseable Python code.
 
     For example,
@@ -130,12 +159,12 @@ def mask_cell(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
 
     becomes
 
-        "25716f358c32750e"
+        b"25716f358c32750"
         'foo'
 
     The replacements are returned, along with the transformed code.
     """
-    replacements: List[Replacement] = []
+    replacements: list[Replacement] = []
     try:
         ast.parse(src)
     except SyntaxError:
@@ -148,18 +177,32 @@ def mask_cell(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
     from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import TransformerManager
 
     transformer_manager = TransformerManager()
+    # A side effect of the following transformation is that it also removes any
+    # empty lines at the beginning of the cell.
     transformed = transformer_manager.transform_cell(src)
     transformed, cell_magic_replacements = replace_cell_magics(transformed)
     replacements += cell_magic_replacements
     transformed = transformer_manager.transform_cell(transformed)
     transformed, magic_replacements = replace_magics(transformed)
-    if len(transformed.splitlines()) != len(src.splitlines()):
+    if len(transformed.strip().splitlines()) != len(src.strip().splitlines()):
         # Multi-line magic, not supported.
         raise NothingChanged
     replacements += magic_replacements
     return transformed, replacements
 
 
+def create_token(n_chars: int) -> str:
+    """Create a randomly generated token that is n_chars characters long."""
+    assert n_chars > 0
+    n_bytes = max(n_chars // 2 - 1, 1)
+    token = secrets.token_hex(n_bytes)
+    if len(token) + 3 > n_chars:
+        token = token[:-1]
+    # We use a bytestring so that the string does not get interpreted
+    # as a docstring.
+    return f'b"{token}"'
+
+
 def get_token(src: str, magic: str) -> str:
     """Return randomly generated token to mask IPython magic with.
 
@@ -169,11 +212,11 @@ def get_token(src: str, magic: str) -> str:
     not already present anywhere else in the cell.
     """
     assert magic
-    nbytes = max(len(magic) // 2 - 1, 1)
+    n_chars = len(magic)
-    token = TOKEN_HEX(nbytes)
+    token = create_token(n_chars)
     counter = 0
     while token in src:
-        token = TOKEN_HEX(nbytes)
+        token = create_token(n_chars)
         counter += 1
         if counter > 100:
             raise AssertionError(
@@ -181,12 +224,10 @@ def get_token(src: str, magic: str) -> str:
                 "Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "
                 f"The magic might be helpful: {magic}"
             ) from None
-    if len(token) + 2 < len(magic):
+    return token
-        token = f"{token}."
-    return f'"{token}"'
 
 
-def replace_cell_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
+def replace_cell_magics(src: str) -> tuple[str, list[Replacement]]:
     """Replace cell magic with token.
 
     Note that 'src' will already have been processed by IPython's
@@ -203,7 +244,7 @@ def replace_cell_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
 
     The replacement, along with the transformed code, is returned.
     """
-    replacements: List[Replacement] = []
+    replacements: list[Replacement] = []
 
     tree = ast.parse(src)
 
@@ -217,7 +258,7 @@ def replace_cell_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
     return f"{mask}\n{cell_magic_finder.cell_magic.body}", replacements
 
 
-def replace_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
+def replace_magics(src: str) -> tuple[str, list[Replacement]]:
     """Replace magics within body of cell.
 
     Note that 'src' will already have been processed by IPython's
@@ -239,7 +280,7 @@ def replace_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
     magic_finder = MagicFinder()
     magic_finder.visit(ast.parse(src))
     new_srcs = []
-    for i, line in enumerate(src.splitlines(), start=1):
+    for i, line in enumerate(src.split("\n"), start=1):
         if i in magic_finder.magics:
             offsets_and_magics = magic_finder.magics[i]
             if len(offsets_and_magics) != 1:  # pragma: nocover
@@ -258,7 +299,7 @@ def replace_magics(src: str) -> Tuple[str, List[Replacement]]:
     return "\n".join(new_srcs), replacements
 
 
-def unmask_cell(src: str, replacements: List[Replacement]) -> str:
+def unmask_cell(src: str, replacements: list[Replacement]) -> str:
     """Remove replacements from cell.
 
     For example
@@ -276,6 +317,21 @@ def unmask_cell(src: str, replacements: List[Replacement]) -> str:
     return src
 
 
+def _get_code_start(src: str) -> str:
+    """Provides the first line where the code starts.
+
+    Iterates over lines of code until it finds the first line that doesn't
+    contain only empty spaces and comments. It removes any empty spaces at the
+    start of the line and returns it. If such line doesn't exist, it returns an
+    empty string.
+    """
+    for match in re.finditer(".+", src):
+        line = match.group(0).lstrip()
+        if line and not line.startswith("#"):
+            return line
+    return ""
+
+
 def _is_ipython_magic(node: ast.expr) -> TypeGuard[ast.Attribute]:
     """Check if attribute is IPython magic.
 
@@ -291,11 +347,11 @@ def _is_ipython_magic(node: ast.expr) -> TypeGuard[ast.Attribute]:
     )
 
 
-def _get_str_args(args: List[ast.expr]) -> List[str]:
+def _get_str_args(args: list[ast.expr]) -> list[str]:
     str_args = []
     for arg in args:
-        assert isinstance(arg, ast.Str)
+        assert isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str)
-        str_args.append(arg.s)
+        str_args.append(arg.value)
     return str_args
 
 
@@ -375,7 +431,7 @@ class MagicFinder(ast.NodeVisitor):
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.magics: Dict[int, List[OffsetAndMagic]] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        self.magics: dict[int, list[OffsetAndMagic]] = collections.defaultdict(list)
 
     def visit_Assign(self, node: ast.Assign) -> None:
         """Look for system assign magics.

src/black/linegen.py

@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@
 
 import re
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Collection, Iterator
 from dataclasses import replace
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from functools import partial, wraps
-from typing import Collection, Iterator, List, Optional, Set, Union, cast
+from typing import Optional, Union, cast
 
 from black.brackets import (
     COMMA_PRIORITY,
@@ -39,11 +40,13 @@
     ensure_visible,
     fstring_to_string,
     get_annotation_type,
+    has_sibling_with_type,
     is_arith_like,
     is_async_stmt_or_funcdef,
     is_atom_with_invisible_parens,
     is_docstring,
     is_empty_tuple,
+    is_generator,
     is_lpar_token,
     is_multiline_string,
     is_name_token,
@@ -54,6 +57,8 @@
     is_rpar_token,
     is_stub_body,
     is_stub_suite,
+    is_tuple,
+    is_tuple_containing_star,
     is_tuple_containing_walrus,
     is_type_ignore_comment_string,
     is_vararg,
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@
 )
 from black.numerics import normalize_numeric_literal
 from black.strings import (
-    fix_docstring,
+    fix_multiline_docstring,
     get_string_prefix,
     normalize_string_prefix,
     normalize_string_quotes,
@@ -197,7 +202,7 @@ def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
         yield from self.line(-1)
 
     def visit_stmt(
-        self, node: Node, keywords: Set[str], parens: Set[str]
+        self, node: Node, keywords: set[str], parens: set[str]
     ) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Visit a statement.
 
@@ -411,10 +416,9 @@ def foo(a: (int), b: (float) = 7): ...
         yield from self.visit_default(node)
 
     def visit_STRING(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
-        if Preview.hex_codes_in_unicode_sequences in self.mode:
         normalize_unicode_escape_sequences(leaf)
 
-        if is_docstring(leaf, self.mode) and not re.search(r"\\\s*\n", leaf.value):
+        if is_docstring(leaf) and not re.search(r"\\\s*\n", leaf.value):
             # We're ignoring docstrings with backslash newline escapes because changing
             # indentation of those changes the AST representation of the code.
             if self.mode.string_normalization:
@@ -441,7 +445,7 @@ def visit_STRING(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
             indent = " " * 4 * self.current_line.depth
 
             if is_multiline_string(leaf):
-                docstring = fix_docstring(docstring, indent)
+                docstring = fix_multiline_docstring(docstring, indent)
             else:
                 docstring = docstring.strip()
 
@@ -485,10 +489,7 @@ def visit_STRING(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
                     and len(indent) + quote_len <= self.mode.line_length
                     and not has_trailing_backslash
                 ):
-                    if (
+                    if leaf.value[-1 - quote_len] == "\n":
-                        Preview.docstring_check_for_newline in self.mode
-                        and leaf.value[-1 - quote_len] == "\n"
-                    ):
                         leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + quote
                     else:
                         leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + "\n" + indent + quote
@@ -506,10 +507,32 @@ def visit_NUMBER(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
         normalize_numeric_literal(leaf)
         yield from self.visit_default(leaf)
 
+    def visit_atom(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Visit any atom"""
+        if len(node.children) == 3:
+            first = node.children[0]
+            last = node.children[-1]
+            if (first.type == token.LSQB and last.type == token.RSQB) or (
+                first.type == token.LBRACE and last.type == token.RBRACE
+            ):
+                # Lists or sets of one item
+                maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node.children[1], parent=node)
+
+        yield from self.visit_default(node)
+
     def visit_fstring(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
         # currently we don't want to format and split f-strings at all.
         string_leaf = fstring_to_string(node)
         node.replace(string_leaf)
+        if "\\" in string_leaf.value and any(
+            "\\" in str(child)
+            for child in node.children
+            if child.type == syms.fstring_replacement_field
+        ):
+            # string normalization doesn't account for nested quotes,
+            # causing breakages. skip normalization when nested quotes exist
+            yield from self.visit_default(string_leaf)
+            return
         yield from self.visit_STRING(string_leaf)
 
         # TODO: Uncomment Implementation to format f-string children
@@ -550,7 +573,7 @@ def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         self.current_line = Line(mode=self.mode)
 
         v = self.visit_stmt
-        Ø: Set[str] = set()
+        Ø: set[str] = set()
         self.visit_assert_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"assert"}, parens={"assert", ","})
         self.visit_if_stmt = partial(
             v, keywords={"if", "else", "elif"}, parens={"if", "elif"}
@@ -574,7 +597,6 @@ def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         # PEP 634
         self.visit_match_stmt = self.visit_match_case
         self.visit_case_block = self.visit_match_case
-        if Preview.remove_redundant_guard_parens in self.mode:
         self.visit_guard = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"if"})
 
 
@@ -617,7 +639,7 @@ def transform_line(
     string_split = StringSplitter(ll, sn)
     string_paren_wrap = StringParenWrapper(ll, sn)
 
-    transformers: List[Transformer]
+    transformers: list[Transformer]
     if (
         not line.contains_uncollapsable_type_comments()
         and not line.should_split_rhs
@@ -717,7 +739,7 @@ def should_split_funcdef_with_rhs(line: Line, mode: Mode) -> bool:
     """If a funcdef has a magic trailing comma in the return type, then we should first
     split the line with rhs to respect the comma.
     """
-    return_type_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+    return_type_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
     in_return_type = False
 
     for leaf in line.leaves:
@@ -759,9 +781,10 @@ def left_hand_split(
     Prefer RHS otherwise.  This is why this function is not symmetrical with
     :func:`right_hand_split` which also handles optional parentheses.
     """
-    tail_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+    for leaf_type in [token.LPAR, token.LSQB]:
-    body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+        tail_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
-    head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+        body_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
+        head_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
         current_leaves = head_leaves
         matching_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
         for leaf in line.leaves:
@@ -776,9 +799,11 @@ def left_hand_split(
                 current_leaves = tail_leaves if body_leaves else head_leaves
             current_leaves.append(leaf)
             if current_leaves is head_leaves:
-            if leaf.type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
+                if leaf.type == leaf_type:
                     matching_bracket = leaf
                     current_leaves = body_leaves
+        if matching_bracket and tail_leaves:
+            break
     if not matching_bracket or not tail_leaves:
         raise CannotSplit("No brackets found")
 
@@ -827,9 +852,9 @@ def _first_right_hand_split(
     _maybe_split_omitting_optional_parens to get an opinion whether to prefer
     splitting on the right side of an assignment statement.
     """
-    tail_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+    tail_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
-    body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+    body_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
-    head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+    head_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = tail_leaves
     opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
     closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
@@ -860,8 +885,8 @@ def _first_right_hand_split(
         and tail_leaves[0].opening_bracket is head_leaves[-1]
     ):
         inner_body_leaves = list(body_leaves)
-        hugged_opening_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+        hugged_opening_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
-        hugged_closing_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
+        hugged_closing_leaves: list[Leaf] = []
         is_unpacking = body_leaves[0].type in [token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR]
         unpacking_offset: int = 1 if is_unpacking else 0
         while (
@@ -945,29 +970,7 @@ def _maybe_split_omitting_optional_parens(
         try:
             # The RHSResult Omitting Optional Parens.
             rhs_oop = _first_right_hand_split(line, omit=omit)
-            is_split_right_after_equal = (
+            if _prefer_split_rhs_oop_over_rhs(rhs_oop, rhs, mode):
-                len(rhs.head.leaves) >= 2 and rhs.head.leaves[-2].type == token.EQUAL
-            )
-            rhs_head_contains_brackets = any(
-                leaf.type in BRACKETS for leaf in rhs.head.leaves[:-1]
-            )
-            # the -1 is for the ending optional paren
-            rhs_head_short_enough = is_line_short_enough(
-                rhs.head, mode=replace(mode, line_length=mode.line_length - 1)
-            )
-            rhs_head_explode_blocked_by_magic_trailing_comma = (
-                rhs.head.magic_trailing_comma is None
-            )
-            if (
-                not (
-                    is_split_right_after_equal
-                    and rhs_head_contains_brackets
-                    and rhs_head_short_enough
-                    and rhs_head_explode_blocked_by_magic_trailing_comma
-                )
-                # the omit optional parens split is preferred by some other reason
-                or _prefer_split_rhs_oop_over_rhs(rhs_oop, rhs, mode)
-            ):
                 yield from _maybe_split_omitting_optional_parens(
                     rhs_oop, line, mode, features=features, omit=omit
                 )
@@ -978,8 +981,15 @@ def _maybe_split_omitting_optional_parens(
             if line.is_chained_assignment:
                 pass
 
-            elif not can_be_split(rhs.body) and not is_line_short_enough(
+            elif (
-                rhs.body, mode=mode
+                not can_be_split(rhs.body)
+                and not is_line_short_enough(rhs.body, mode=mode)
+                and not (
+                    Preview.wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens
+                    and rhs.opening_bracket.parent
+                    and rhs.opening_bracket.parent.parent
+                    and rhs.opening_bracket.parent.parent.type == syms.dictsetmaker
+                )
             ):
                 raise CannotSplit(
                     "Splitting failed, body is still too long and can't be split."
@@ -1010,6 +1020,44 @@ def _prefer_split_rhs_oop_over_rhs(
     Returns whether we should prefer the result from a split omitting optional parens
     (rhs_oop) over the original (rhs).
     """
+    # contains unsplittable type ignore
+    if (
+        rhs_oop.head.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
+        or rhs_oop.body.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
+        or rhs_oop.tail.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
+    ):
+        return True
+
+    # Retain optional parens around dictionary values
+    if (
+        Preview.wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens
+        and rhs.opening_bracket.parent
+        and rhs.opening_bracket.parent.parent
+        and rhs.opening_bracket.parent.parent.type == syms.dictsetmaker
+        and rhs.body.bracket_tracker.delimiters
+    ):
+        # Unless the split is inside the key
+        return any(leaf.type == token.COLON for leaf in rhs_oop.tail.leaves)
+
+    # the split is right after `=`
+    if not (len(rhs.head.leaves) >= 2 and rhs.head.leaves[-2].type == token.EQUAL):
+        return True
+
+    # the left side of assignment contains brackets
+    if not any(leaf.type in BRACKETS for leaf in rhs.head.leaves[:-1]):
+        return True
+
+    # the left side of assignment is short enough (the -1 is for the ending optional
+    # paren)
+    if not is_line_short_enough(
+        rhs.head, mode=replace(mode, line_length=mode.line_length - 1)
+    ):
+        return True
+
+    # the left side of assignment won't explode further because of magic trailing comma
+    if rhs.head.magic_trailing_comma is not None:
+        return True
+
     # If we have multiple targets, we prefer more `=`s on the head vs pushing them to
     # the body
     rhs_head_equal_count = [leaf.type for leaf in rhs.head.leaves].count(token.EQUAL)
@@ -1037,10 +1085,6 @@ def _prefer_split_rhs_oop_over_rhs(
             # the first line is short enough
             and is_line_short_enough(rhs_oop.head, mode=mode)
         )
-        # contains unsplittable type ignore
-        or rhs_oop.head.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
-        or rhs_oop.body.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
-        or rhs_oop.tail.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
     )
 
 
@@ -1070,8 +1114,44 @@ def bracket_split_succeeded_or_raise(head: Line, body: Line, tail: Line) -> None
             )
 
 
+def _ensure_trailing_comma(
+    leaves: list[Leaf], original: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf
+) -> bool:
+    if not leaves:
+        return False
+    # Ensure a trailing comma for imports
+    if original.is_import:
+        return True
+    # ...and standalone function arguments
+    if not original.is_def:
+        return False
+    if opening_bracket.value != "(":
+        return False
+    # Don't add commas if we already have any commas
+    if any(
+        leaf.type == token.COMMA and not is_part_of_annotation(leaf) for leaf in leaves
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    # Find a leaf with a parent (comments don't have parents)
+    leaf_with_parent = next((leaf for leaf in leaves if leaf.parent), None)
+    if leaf_with_parent is None:
+        return True
+    # Don't add commas inside parenthesized return annotations
+    if get_annotation_type(leaf_with_parent) == "return":
+        return False
+    # Don't add commas inside PEP 604 unions
+    if (
+        leaf_with_parent.parent
+        and leaf_with_parent.parent.next_sibling
+        and leaf_with_parent.parent.next_sibling.type == token.VBAR
+    ):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
 def bracket_split_build_line(
-    leaves: List[Leaf],
+    leaves: list[Leaf],
     original: Line,
     opening_bracket: Leaf,
     *,
@@ -1090,32 +1170,7 @@ def bracket_split_build_line(
     if component is _BracketSplitComponent.body:
         result.inside_brackets = True
         result.depth += 1
-        if leaves:
+        if _ensure_trailing_comma(leaves, original, opening_bracket):
-            no_commas = (
-                # Ensure a trailing comma for imports and standalone function arguments
-                original.is_def
-                # Don't add one after any comments or within type annotations
-                and opening_bracket.value == "("
-                # Don't add one if there's already one there
-                and not any(
-                    leaf.type == token.COMMA
-                    and (
-                        Preview.typed_params_trailing_comma not in original.mode
-                        or not is_part_of_annotation(leaf)
-                    )
-                    for leaf in leaves
-                )
-                # Don't add one inside parenthesized return annotations
-                and get_annotation_type(leaves[0]) != "return"
-                # Don't add one inside PEP 604 unions
-                and not (
-                    leaves[0].parent
-                    and leaves[0].parent.next_sibling
-                    and leaves[0].parent.next_sibling.type == token.VBAR
-                )
-            )
-
-            if original.is_import or no_commas:
             for i in range(len(leaves) - 1, -1, -1):
                 if leaves[i].type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
                     continue
@@ -1125,7 +1180,7 @@ def bracket_split_build_line(
                     leaves.insert(i + 1, new_comma)
                 break
 
-    leaves_to_track: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    leaves_to_track: set[LeafID] = set()
     if component is _BracketSplitComponent.head:
         leaves_to_track = get_leaves_inside_matching_brackets(leaves)
     # Populate the line
@@ -1317,7 +1372,7 @@ def append_to_line(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
 
 
 def normalize_invisible_parens(  # noqa: C901
-    node: Node, parens_after: Set[str], *, mode: Mode, features: Collection[Feature]
+    node: Node, parens_after: set[str], *, mode: Mode, features: Collection[Feature]
 ) -> None:
     """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
 
@@ -1355,11 +1410,7 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(  # noqa: C901
             )
 
         # Add parentheses around if guards in case blocks
-        if (
+        if isinstance(child, Node) and child.type == syms.guard:
-            isinstance(child, Node)
-            and child.type == syms.guard
-            and Preview.parens_for_long_if_clauses_in_case_block in mode
-        ):
             normalize_invisible_parens(
                 child, parens_after={"if"}, mode=mode, features=features
             )
@@ -1577,6 +1628,12 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
         node.type not in (syms.atom, syms.expr)
         or is_empty_tuple(node)
         or is_one_tuple(node)
+        or (is_tuple(node) and parent.type == syms.asexpr_test)
+        or (
+            is_tuple(node)
+            and parent.type == syms.with_stmt
+            and has_sibling_with_type(node, token.COMMA)
+        )
         or (is_yield(node) and parent.type != syms.expr_stmt)
         or (
             # This condition tries to prevent removing non-optional brackets
@@ -1586,6 +1643,8 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
             and max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
         )
         or is_tuple_containing_walrus(node)
+        or is_tuple_containing_star(node)
+        or is_generator(node)
     ):
         return False
 
@@ -1598,6 +1657,7 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
             syms.except_clause,
             syms.funcdef,
             syms.with_stmt,
+            syms.testlist_gexp,
             syms.tname,
             # these ones aren't useful to end users, but they do please fuzzers
             syms.for_stmt,
@@ -1617,9 +1677,6 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
             not is_type_ignore_comment_string(middle.prefix.strip())
         ):
             first.value = ""
-            if first.prefix.strip():
-                # Preserve comments before first paren
-                middle.prefix = first.prefix + middle.prefix
             last.value = ""
         maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
             middle,
@@ -1631,6 +1688,13 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(
             # Strip the invisible parens from `middle` by replacing
             # it with the child in-between the invisible parens
             middle.replace(middle.children[1])
+
+            if middle.children[0].prefix.strip():
+                # Preserve comments before first paren
+                middle.children[1].prefix = (
+                    middle.children[0].prefix + middle.children[1].prefix
+                )
+
             if middle.children[-1].prefix.strip():
                 # Preserve comments before last paren
                 last.prefix = middle.children[-1].prefix + last.prefix
@@ -1667,7 +1731,7 @@ def should_split_line(line: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf) -> bool:
     )
 
 
-def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[LeafID]]:
+def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[set[LeafID]]:
     """Generate sets of closing bracket IDs that should be omitted in a RHS.
 
     Brackets can be omitted if the entire trailer up to and including
@@ -1678,14 +1742,14 @@ def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[Leaf
     the one that needs to explode are omitted.
     """
 
-    omit: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    omit: set[LeafID] = set()
     if not line.magic_trailing_comma:
         yield omit
 
     length = 4 * line.depth
     opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
     closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
-    inner_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    inner_brackets: set[LeafID] = set()
     for index, leaf, leaf_length in line.enumerate_with_length(is_reversed=True):
         length += leaf_length
         if length > line_length:
@@ -1750,10 +1814,10 @@ def run_transformer(
     features: Collection[Feature],
     *,
     line_str: str = "",
-) -> List[Line]:
+) -> list[Line]:
     if not line_str:
         line_str = line_to_string(line)
-    result: List[Line] = []
+    result: list[Line] = []
     for transformed_line in transform(line, features, mode):
         if str(transformed_line).strip("\n") == line_str:
             raise CannotTransform("Line transformer returned an unchanged result")

src/black/lines.py

@@ -1,18 +1,8 @@
 import itertools
 import math
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import (
+from typing import Optional, TypeVar, Union, cast
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Tuple,
-    TypeVar,
-    Union,
-    cast,
-)
 
 from black.brackets import COMMA_PRIORITY, DOT_PRIORITY, BracketTracker
 from black.mode import Mode, Preview
@@ -52,9 +42,9 @@ class Line:
 
     mode: Mode = field(repr=False)
     depth: int = 0
-    leaves: List[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
+    leaves: list[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
     # keys ordered like `leaves`
-    comments: Dict[LeafID, List[Leaf]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    comments: dict[LeafID, list[Leaf]] = field(default_factory=dict)
     bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = field(default_factory=BracketTracker)
     inside_brackets: bool = False
     should_split_rhs: bool = False
@@ -214,9 +204,7 @@ def _is_triple_quoted_string(self) -> bool:
     @property
     def is_docstring(self) -> bool:
         """Is the line a docstring?"""
-        if Preview.unify_docstring_detection not in self.mode:
+        return bool(self) and is_docstring(self.leaves[0])
-            return self._is_triple_quoted_string
-        return bool(self) and is_docstring(self.leaves[0], self.mode)
 
     @property
     def is_chained_assignment(self) -> bool:
@@ -426,7 +414,7 @@ def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
         self.comments.setdefault(id(last_leaf), []).append(comment)
         return True
 
-    def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf) -> List[Leaf]:
+    def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf) -> list[Leaf]:
         """Generate comments that should appear directly after `leaf`."""
         return self.comments.get(id(leaf), [])
 
@@ -459,13 +447,13 @@ def is_complex_subscript(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
 
     def enumerate_with_length(
         self, is_reversed: bool = False
-    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Leaf, int]]:
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[Index, Leaf, int]]:
         """Return an enumeration of leaves with their length.
 
         Stops prematurely on multiline strings and standalone comments.
         """
         op = cast(
-            Callable[[Sequence[Leaf]], Iterator[Tuple[Index, Leaf]]],
+            Callable[[Sequence[Leaf]], Iterator[tuple[Index, Leaf]]],
             enumerate_reversed if is_reversed else enumerate,
         )
         for index, leaf in op(self.leaves):
@@ -531,11 +519,11 @@ class LinesBlock:
     previous_block: Optional["LinesBlock"]
     original_line: Line
     before: int = 0
-    content_lines: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    content_lines: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     after: int = 0
     form_feed: bool = False
 
-    def all_lines(self) -> List[str]:
+    def all_lines(self) -> list[str]:
         empty_line = str(Line(mode=self.mode))
         prefix = make_simple_prefix(self.before, self.form_feed, empty_line)
         return [prefix] + self.content_lines + [empty_line * self.after]
@@ -554,7 +542,7 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
     mode: Mode
     previous_line: Optional[Line] = None
     previous_block: Optional[LinesBlock] = None
-    previous_defs: List[Line] = field(default_factory=list)
+    previous_defs: list[Line] = field(default_factory=list)
     semantic_leading_comment: Optional[LinesBlock] = None
 
     def maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> LinesBlock:
@@ -607,7 +595,7 @@ def maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> LinesBlock:
         self.previous_block = block
         return block
 
-    def _maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:  # noqa: C901
+    def _maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> tuple[int, int]:  # noqa: C901
         max_allowed = 1
         if current_line.depth == 0:
             max_allowed = 1 if self.mode.is_pyi else 2
@@ -681,6 +669,15 @@ def _maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:  # noqa: C9
                 current_line, before, user_had_newline
             )
 
+        if (
+            self.previous_line.is_import
+            and self.previous_line.depth == 0
+            and current_line.depth == 0
+            and not current_line.is_import
+            and Preview.always_one_newline_after_import in self.mode
+        ):
+            return 1, 0
+
         if (
             self.previous_line.is_import
             and not current_line.is_import
@@ -693,7 +690,7 @@ def _maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:  # noqa: C9
 
     def _maybe_empty_lines_for_class_or_def(  # noqa: C901
         self, current_line: Line, before: int, user_had_newline: bool
-    ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, int]:
         assert self.previous_line is not None
 
         if self.previous_line.is_decorator:
@@ -772,7 +769,7 @@ def _maybe_empty_lines_for_class_or_def(  # noqa: C901
         return newlines, 0
 
 
-def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:
+def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[tuple[Index, T]]:
     """Like `reversed(enumerate(sequence))` if that were possible."""
     index = len(sequence) - 1
     for element in reversed(sequence):
@@ -781,7 +778,7 @@ def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:
 
 
 def append_leaves(
-    new_line: Line, old_line: Line, leaves: List[Leaf], preformatted: bool = False
+    new_line: Line, old_line: Line, leaves: list[Leaf], preformatted: bool = False
 ) -> None:
     """
     Append leaves (taken from @old_line) to @new_line, making sure to fix the
@@ -838,10 +835,10 @@ def is_line_short_enough(  # noqa: C901
     # Depth (which is based on the existing bracket_depth concept)
     # is needed to determine nesting level of the MLS.
     # Includes special case for trailing commas.
-    commas: List[int] = []  # tracks number of commas per depth level
+    commas: list[int] = []  # tracks number of commas per depth level
     multiline_string: Optional[Leaf] = None
     # store the leaves that contain parts of the MLS
-    multiline_string_contexts: List[LN] = []
+    multiline_string_contexts: list[LN] = []
 
     max_level_to_update: Union[int, float] = math.inf  # track the depth of the MLS
     for i, leaf in enumerate(line.leaves):
@@ -865,7 +862,7 @@ def is_line_short_enough(  # noqa: C901
         if leaf.bracket_depth <= max_level_to_update and leaf.type == token.COMMA:
             # Inside brackets, ignore trailing comma
             # directly after MLS/MLS-containing expression
-            ignore_ctxs: List[Optional[LN]] = [None]
+            ignore_ctxs: list[Optional[LN]] = [None]
             ignore_ctxs += multiline_string_contexts
             if (line.inside_brackets or leaf.bracket_depth > 0) and (
                 i != len(line.leaves) - 1 or leaf.prev_sibling not in ignore_ctxs

src/black/mode.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from hashlib import sha256
 from operator import attrgetter
-from typing import Dict, Final, Set
+from typing import Final
 
 from black.const import DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH
 
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ class TargetVersion(Enum):
     PY312 = 12
     PY313 = 13
 
+    def pretty(self) -> str:
+        assert self.name[:2] == "PY"
+        return f"Python {self.name[2]}.{self.name[3:]}"
+
 
 class Feature(Enum):
     F_STRINGS = 2
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ class Feature(Enum):
 }
 
 
-VERSION_TO_FEATURES: Dict[TargetVersion, Set[Feature]] = {
+VERSION_TO_FEATURES: dict[TargetVersion, set[Feature]] = {
     TargetVersion.PY33: {Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
     TargetVersion.PY34: {Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
     TargetVersion.PY35: {Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
@@ -185,34 +189,26 @@ class Feature(Enum):
 }
 
 
-def supports_feature(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion], feature: Feature) -> bool:
+def supports_feature(target_versions: set[TargetVersion], feature: Feature) -> bool:
     return all(feature in VERSION_TO_FEATURES[version] for version in target_versions)
 
 
 class Preview(Enum):
     """Individual preview style features."""
 
-    hex_codes_in_unicode_sequences = auto()
     # NOTE: string_processing requires wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens
     # for https://github.com/psf/black/issues/3117 to be fixed.
     string_processing = auto()
     hug_parens_with_braces_and_square_brackets = auto()
-    unify_docstring_detection = auto()
-    no_normalize_fmt_skip_whitespace = auto()
     wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens = auto()
     multiline_string_handling = auto()
-    typed_params_trailing_comma = auto()
+    always_one_newline_after_import = auto()
-    is_simple_lookup_for_doublestar_expression = auto()
+    fix_fmt_skip_in_one_liners = auto()
-    docstring_check_for_newline = auto()
-    remove_redundant_guard_parens = auto()
-    parens_for_long_if_clauses_in_case_block = auto()
 
 
-UNSTABLE_FEATURES: Set[Preview] = {
+UNSTABLE_FEATURES: set[Preview] = {
     # Many issues, see summary in https://github.com/psf/black/issues/4042
     Preview.string_processing,
-    # See issues #3452 and #4158
-    Preview.wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens,
     # See issue #4159
     Preview.multiline_string_handling,
     # See issue #4036 (crash), #4098, #4099 (proposed tweaks)
@@ -229,17 +225,17 @@ class Deprecated(UserWarning):
 
 @dataclass
 class Mode:
-    target_versions: Set[TargetVersion] = field(default_factory=set)
+    target_versions: set[TargetVersion] = field(default_factory=set)
     line_length: int = DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH
     string_normalization: bool = True
     is_pyi: bool = False
     is_ipynb: bool = False
     skip_source_first_line: bool = False
     magic_trailing_comma: bool = True
-    python_cell_magics: Set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
+    python_cell_magics: set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
     preview: bool = False
     unstable: bool = False
-    enabled_features: Set[Preview] = field(default_factory=set)
+    enabled_features: set[Preview] = field(default_factory=set)
 
     def __contains__(self, feature: Preview) -> bool:
         """
@@ -285,6 +281,7 @@ def get_cache_key(self) -> str:
             str(int(self.skip_source_first_line)),
             str(int(self.magic_trailing_comma)),
             str(int(self.preview)),
+            str(int(self.unstable)),
             features_and_magics,
         ]
         return ".".join(parts)

src/black/nodes.py

@@ -3,18 +3,8 @@
 """
 
 import sys
-from typing import (
+from collections.abc import Iterator
-    Final,
+from typing import Final, Generic, Literal, Optional, TypeVar, Union
-    Generic,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    TypeVar,
-    Union,
-)
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
     from typing import TypeGuard
@@ -24,7 +14,7 @@
 from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr
 
 from black.cache import CACHE_DIR
-from black.mode import Mode, Preview
+from black.mode import Mode
 from black.strings import get_string_prefix, has_triple_quotes
 from blib2to3 import pygram
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import token
@@ -254,9 +244,9 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool, mode: Mode) -> str:  # no
         elif (
             prevp.type == token.STAR
             and parent_type(prevp) == syms.star_expr
-            and parent_type(prevp.parent) == syms.subscriptlist
+            and parent_type(prevp.parent) in (syms.subscriptlist, syms.tname_star)
         ):
-            # No space between typevar tuples.
+            # No space between typevar tuples or unpacking them.
             return NO
 
         elif prevp.type in VARARGS_SPECIALS:
@@ -456,7 +446,7 @@ def preceding_leaf(node: Optional[LN]) -> Optional[Leaf]:
     return None
 
 
-def prev_siblings_are(node: Optional[LN], tokens: List[Optional[NodeType]]) -> bool:
+def prev_siblings_are(node: Optional[LN], tokens: list[Optional[NodeType]]) -> bool:
     """Return if the `node` and its previous siblings match types against the provided
     list of tokens; the provided `node`has its type matched against the last element in
     the list.  `None` can be used as the first element to declare that the start of the
@@ -555,7 +545,7 @@ def is_arith_like(node: LN) -> bool:
     }
 
 
-def is_docstring(node: NL, mode: Mode) -> bool:
+def is_docstring(node: NL) -> bool:
     if isinstance(node, Leaf):
         if node.type != token.STRING:
             return False
@@ -565,8 +555,7 @@ def is_docstring(node: NL, mode: Mode) -> bool:
             return False
 
     if (
-        Preview.unify_docstring_detection in mode
+        node.parent
-        and node.parent
         and node.parent.type == syms.simple_stmt
         and not node.parent.prev_sibling
         and node.parent.parent
@@ -614,6 +603,17 @@ def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def is_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds a tuple."""
+    if node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+    gexp = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+    if gexp is None or gexp.type != syms.testlist_gexp:
+        return False
+
+    return True
+
+
 def is_tuple_containing_walrus(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a tuple that contains a walrus operator."""
     if node.type != syms.atom:
@@ -625,11 +625,33 @@ def is_tuple_containing_walrus(node: LN) -> bool:
     return any(child.type == syms.namedexpr_test for child in gexp.children)
 
 
+def is_tuple_containing_star(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds a tuple that contains a star operator."""
+    if node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+    gexp = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+    if gexp is None or gexp.type != syms.testlist_gexp:
+        return False
+
+    return any(child.type == syms.star_expr for child in gexp.children)
+
+
+def is_generator(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds a generator."""
+    if node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+    gexp = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+    if gexp is None or gexp.type != syms.testlist_gexp:
+        return False
+
+    return any(child.type == syms.old_comp_for for child in gexp.children)
+
+
 def is_one_sequence_between(
     opening: Leaf,
     closing: Leaf,
-    leaves: List[Leaf],
+    leaves: list[Leaf],
-    brackets: Tuple[int, int] = (token.LPAR, token.RPAR),
+    brackets: tuple[int, int] = (token.LPAR, token.RPAR),
 ) -> bool:
     """Return True if content between `opening` and `closing` is a one-sequence."""
     if (opening.type, closing.type) != brackets:
@@ -739,7 +761,7 @@ def is_yield(node: LN) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: Set[NodeType]) -> bool:
+def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: set[NodeType]) -> bool:
     """Return True if `leaf` is a star or double star in a vararg or kwarg.
 
     If `within` includes VARARGS_PARENTS, this applies to function signatures.
@@ -1006,6 +1028,7 @@ def get_annotation_type(leaf: Leaf) -> Literal["return", "param", None]:
 
 def is_part_of_annotation(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
     """Returns whether this leaf is part of a type annotation."""
+    assert leaf.parent is not None
     return get_annotation_type(leaf) is not None
 
 
@@ -1035,3 +1058,21 @@ def furthest_ancestor_with_last_leaf(leaf: Leaf) -> LN:
     while node.parent and node.parent.children and node is node.parent.children[-1]:
         node = node.parent
     return node
+
+
+def has_sibling_with_type(node: LN, type: int) -> bool:
+    # Check previous siblings
+    sibling = node.prev_sibling
+    while sibling is not None:
+        if sibling.type == type:
+            return True
+        sibling = sibling.prev_sibling
+
+    # Check next siblings
+    sibling = node.next_sibling
+    while sibling is not None:
+        if sibling.type == type:
+            return True
+        sibling = sibling.next_sibling
+
+    return False

src/black/output.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import json
 import re
 import tempfile
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from click import echo, style
 from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def ipynb_diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
 _line_pattern = re.compile(r"(.*?(?:\r\n|\n|\r|$))")
 
 
-def _splitlines_no_ff(source: str) -> List[str]:
+def _splitlines_no_ff(source: str) -> list[str]:
     """Split a string into lines ignoring form feed and other chars.
 
     This mimics how the Python parser splits source code.

src/black/parsing.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import ast
 import sys
 import warnings
-from typing import Iterable, Iterator, List, Set, Tuple
+from collections.abc import Collection, Iterator
 
 from black.mode import VERSION_TO_FEATURES, Feature, TargetVersion, supports_feature
 from black.nodes import syms
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class InvalidInput(ValueError):
     """Raised when input source code fails all parse attempts."""
 
 
-def get_grammars(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion]) -> List[Grammar]:
+def get_grammars(target_versions: set[TargetVersion]) -> list[Grammar]:
     if not target_versions:
         # No target_version specified, so try all grammars.
         return [
@@ -52,12 +52,20 @@ def get_grammars(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion]) -> List[Grammar]:
     return grammars
 
 
-def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str, target_versions: Iterable[TargetVersion] = ()) -> Node:
+def lib2to3_parse(
+    src_txt: str, target_versions: Collection[TargetVersion] = ()
+) -> Node:
     """Given a string with source, return the lib2to3 Node."""
     if not src_txt.endswith("\n"):
         src_txt += "\n"
 
     grammars = get_grammars(set(target_versions))
+    if target_versions:
+        max_tv = max(target_versions, key=lambda tv: tv.value)
+        tv_str = f" for target version {max_tv.pretty()}"
+    else:
+        tv_str = ""
+
     errors = {}
     for grammar in grammars:
         drv = driver.Driver(grammar)
@@ -73,14 +81,14 @@ def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str, target_versions: Iterable[TargetVersion] = ()) -
             except IndexError:
                 faulty_line = "<line number missing in source>"
             errors[grammar.version] = InvalidInput(
-                f"Cannot parse: {lineno}:{column}: {faulty_line}"
+                f"Cannot parse{tv_str}: {lineno}:{column}: {faulty_line}"
             )
 
         except TokenError as te:
             # In edge cases these are raised; and typically don't have a "faulty_line".
             lineno, column = te.args[1]
             errors[grammar.version] = InvalidInput(
-                f"Cannot parse: {lineno}:{column}: {te.args[0]}"
+                f"Cannot parse{tv_str}: {lineno}:{column}: {te.args[0]}"
             )
 
     else:
@@ -115,7 +123,7 @@ class ASTSafetyError(Exception):
 
 
 def _parse_single_version(
-    src: str, version: Tuple[int, int], *, type_comments: bool
+    src: str, version: tuple[int, int], *, type_comments: bool
 ) -> ast.AST:
     filename = "<unknown>"
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
@@ -151,7 +159,7 @@ def parse_ast(src: str) -> ast.AST:
 def _normalize(lineend: str, value: str) -> str:
     # To normalize, we strip any leading and trailing space from
     # each line...
-    stripped: List[str] = [i.strip() for i in value.splitlines()]
+    stripped: list[str] = [i.strip() for i in value.splitlines()]
     normalized = lineend.join(stripped)
     # ...and remove any blank lines at the beginning and end of
     # the whole string
@@ -164,14 +172,14 @@ def stringify_ast(node: ast.AST) -> Iterator[str]:
 
 
 def _stringify_ast_with_new_parent(
-    node: ast.AST, parent_stack: List[ast.AST], new_parent: ast.AST
+    node: ast.AST, parent_stack: list[ast.AST], new_parent: ast.AST
 ) -> Iterator[str]:
     parent_stack.append(new_parent)
     yield from _stringify_ast(node, parent_stack)
     parent_stack.pop()
 
 
-def _stringify_ast(node: ast.AST, parent_stack: List[ast.AST]) -> Iterator[str]:
+def _stringify_ast(node: ast.AST, parent_stack: list[ast.AST]) -> Iterator[str]:
     if (
         isinstance(node, ast.Constant)
         and isinstance(node.value, str)
@@ -205,7 +213,7 @@ def _stringify_ast(node: ast.AST, parent_stack: List[ast.AST]) -> Iterator[str]:
                     and isinstance(node, ast.Delete)
                     and isinstance(item, ast.Tuple)
                 ):
-                    for elt in item.elts:
+                    for elt in _unwrap_tuples(item):
                         yield from _stringify_ast_with_new_parent(
                             elt, parent_stack, node
                         )
@@ -242,3 +250,11 @@ def _stringify_ast(node: ast.AST, parent_stack: List[ast.AST]) -> Iterator[str]:
             )
 
     yield f"{'    ' * len(parent_stack)})  # /{node.__class__.__name__}"
+
+
+def _unwrap_tuples(node: ast.Tuple) -> Iterator[ast.AST]:
+    for elt in node.elts:
+        if isinstance(elt, ast.Tuple):
+            yield from _unwrap_tuples(elt)
+        else:
+            yield elt

src/black/ranges.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """Functions related to Black's formatting by line ranges feature."""
 
 import difflib
+from collections.abc import Collection, Iterator, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Collection, Iterator, List, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Union
 
 from black.nodes import (
     LN,
@@ -18,8 +19,8 @@
 from blib2to3.pgen2.token import ASYNC, NEWLINE
 
 
-def parse_line_ranges(line_ranges: Sequence[str]) -> List[Tuple[int, int]]:
+def parse_line_ranges(line_ranges: Sequence[str]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
-    lines: List[Tuple[int, int]] = []
+    lines: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
     for lines_str in line_ranges:
         parts = lines_str.split("-")
         if len(parts) != 2:
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ def parse_line_ranges(line_ranges: Sequence[str]) -> List[Tuple[int, int]]:
     return lines
 
 
-def is_valid_line_range(lines: Tuple[int, int]) -> bool:
+def is_valid_line_range(lines: tuple[int, int]) -> bool:
     """Returns whether the line range is valid."""
     return not lines or lines[0] <= lines[1]
 
 
 def sanitized_lines(
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]], src_contents: str
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]], src_contents: str
-) -> Collection[Tuple[int, int]]:
+) -> Collection[tuple[int, int]]:
     """Returns the valid line ranges for the given source.
 
     This removes ranges that are entirely outside the valid lines.
@@ -74,10 +75,10 @@ def sanitized_lines(
 
 
 def adjusted_lines(
-    lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]],
+    lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]],
     original_source: str,
     modified_source: str,
-) -> List[Tuple[int, int]]:
+) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
     """Returns the adjusted line ranges based on edits from the original code.
 
     This computes the new line ranges by diffing original_source and
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ def adjusted_lines(
     return new_lines
 
 
-def convert_unchanged_lines(src_node: Node, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]]) -> None:
+def convert_unchanged_lines(src_node: Node, lines: Collection[tuple[int, int]]) -> None:
     """Converts unchanged lines to STANDALONE_COMMENT.
 
     The idea is similar to how `# fmt: on/off` is implemented. It also converts the
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ def convert_unchanged_lines(src_node: Node, lines: Collection[Tuple[int, int]])
     more formatting to pass (1). However, it's hard to get it correct when
     incorrect indentations are used. So we defer this to future optimizations.
     """
-    lines_set: Set[int] = set()
+    lines_set: set[int] = set()
     for start, end in lines:
         lines_set.update(range(start, end + 1))
     visitor = _TopLevelStatementsVisitor(lines_set)
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ class _TopLevelStatementsVisitor(Visitor[None]):
     classes/functions/statements.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, lines_set: Set[int]):
+    def __init__(self, lines_set: set[int]):
         self._lines_set = lines_set
 
     def visit_simple_stmt(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[None]:
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ def visit_suite(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[None]:
             _convert_node_to_standalone_comment(semantic_parent)
 
 
-def _convert_unchanged_line_by_line(node: Node, lines_set: Set[int]) -> None:
+def _convert_unchanged_line_by_line(node: Node, lines_set: set[int]) -> None:
     """Converts unchanged to STANDALONE_COMMENT line by line."""
     for leaf in node.leaves():
         if leaf.type != NEWLINE:
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ def _convert_unchanged_line_by_line(node: Node, lines_set: Set[int]) -> None:
             #   match_stmt: "match" subject_expr ':' NEWLINE INDENT case_block+ DEDENT
             # Here we need to check `subject_expr`. The `case_block+` will be
             # checked by their own NEWLINEs.
-            nodes_to_ignore: List[LN] = []
+            nodes_to_ignore: list[LN] = []
             prev_sibling = leaf.prev_sibling
             while prev_sibling:
                 nodes_to_ignore.insert(0, prev_sibling)
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@ def _leaf_line_end(leaf: Leaf) -> int:
         return leaf.lineno + str(leaf).count("\n")
 
 
-def _get_line_range(node_or_nodes: Union[LN, List[LN]]) -> Set[int]:
+def _get_line_range(node_or_nodes: Union[LN, list[LN]]) -> set[int]:
     """Returns the line range of this node or list of nodes."""
     if isinstance(node_or_nodes, list):
         nodes = node_or_nodes
@@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ def _calculate_lines_mappings(
         modified_source.splitlines(keepends=True),
     )
     matching_blocks = matcher.get_matching_blocks()
-    lines_mappings: List[_LinesMapping] = []
+    lines_mappings: list[_LinesMapping] = []
     # matching_blocks is a sequence of "same block of code ranges", see
     # https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html#difflib.SequenceMatcher.get_matching_blocks
     # Each block corresponds to a _LinesMapping with is_changed_block=False,

src/black/resources/black.schema.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
-  "$id": "https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/black/resources/black.schema.json",
+  "$id": "https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/src/black/resources/black.schema.json",
   "$comment": "tool.black table in pyproject.toml",
   "type": "object",
   "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -79,18 +79,12 @@
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
         "enum": [
-          "hex_codes_in_unicode_sequences",
           "string_processing",
           "hug_parens_with_braces_and_square_brackets",
-          "unify_docstring_detection",
-          "no_normalize_fmt_skip_whitespace",
           "wrap_long_dict_values_in_parens",
           "multiline_string_handling",
-          "typed_params_trailing_comma",
+          "always_one_newline_after_import",
-          "is_simple_lookup_for_doublestar_expression",
+          "fix_fmt_skip_in_one_liners"
-          "docstring_check_for_newline",
-          "remove_redundant_guard_parens",
-          "parens_for_long_if_clauses_in_case_block"
         ]
       },
       "description": "Enable specific features included in the `--unstable` style. Requires `--preview`. No compatibility guarantees are provided on the behavior or existence of any unstable features."

src/black/schema.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import importlib.resources
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any
 
 
@@ -11,10 +10,6 @@ def get_schema(tool_name: str = "black") -> Any:
     pkg = "black.resources"
     fname = "black.schema.json"
 
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+    schema = importlib.resources.files(pkg).joinpath(fname)
-        with importlib.resources.open_text(pkg, fname, encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            return json.load(f)
-
-    schema = importlib.resources.files(pkg).joinpath(fname)  # type: ignore[unreachable]
     with schema.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return json.load(f)

src/black/strings.py

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 import re
 import sys
 from functools import lru_cache
-from typing import Final, List, Match, Pattern, Tuple
+from re import Match, Pattern
+from typing import Final
 
 from black._width_table import WIDTH_TABLE
 from blib2to3.pytree import Leaf
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ def has_triple_quotes(string: str) -> bool:
     return raw_string[:3] in {'"""', "'''"}
 
 
-def lines_with_leading_tabs_expanded(s: str) -> List[str]:
+def lines_with_leading_tabs_expanded(s: str) -> list[str]:
     """
     Splits string into lines and expands only leading tabs (following the normal
     Python rules)
@@ -62,10 +63,9 @@ def lines_with_leading_tabs_expanded(s: str) -> List[str]:
     return lines
 
 
-def fix_docstring(docstring: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+def fix_multiline_docstring(docstring: str, prefix: str) -> str:
     # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#handling-docstring-indentation
-    if not docstring:
+    assert docstring, "INTERNAL ERROR: Multiline docstrings cannot be empty"
-        return ""
     lines = lines_with_leading_tabs_expanded(docstring)
     # Determine minimum indentation (first line doesn't count):
     indent = sys.maxsize
@@ -185,8 +185,7 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(s: str) -> str:
         orig_quote = "'"
         new_quote = '"'
     first_quote_pos = s.find(orig_quote)
-    if first_quote_pos == -1:
+    assert first_quote_pos != -1, f"INTERNAL ERROR: Malformed string {s!r}"
-        return s  # There's an internal error
 
     prefix = s[:first_quote_pos]
     unescaped_new_quote = _cached_compile(rf"(([^\\]|^)(\\\\)*){new_quote}")
@@ -242,9 +241,9 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(s: str) -> str:
 
 def normalize_fstring_quotes(
     quote: str,
-    middles: List[Leaf],
+    middles: list[Leaf],
     is_raw_fstring: bool,
-) -> Tuple[List[Leaf], str]:
+) -> tuple[list[Leaf], str]:
     """Prefer double quotes but only if it doesn't cause more escaping.
 
     Adds or removes backslashes as appropriate.

src/black/trans.py

@@ -5,31 +5,15 @@
 import re
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Collection, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import (
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Final, Literal, Optional, TypeVar, Union
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    ClassVar,
-    Collection,
-    Dict,
-    Final,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    TypeVar,
-    Union,
-)
 
 from mypy_extensions import trait
 
 from black.comments import contains_pragma_comment
 from black.lines import Line, append_leaves
-from black.mode import Feature, Mode, Preview
+from black.mode import Feature, Mode
 from black.nodes import (
     CLOSING_BRACKETS,
     OPENING_BRACKETS,
@@ -68,7 +52,7 @@ class CannotTransform(Exception):
 ParserState = int
 StringID = int
 TResult = Result[T, CannotTransform]  # (T)ransform Result
-TMatchResult = TResult[List[Index]]
+TMatchResult = TResult[list[Index]]
 
 SPLIT_SAFE_CHARS = frozenset(["\u3001", "\u3002", "\uff0c"])  # East Asian stops
 
@@ -98,14 +82,8 @@ def is_simple_lookup(index: int, kind: Literal[1, -1]) -> bool:
         # Brackets and parentheses indicate calls, subscripts, etc. ...
         # basically stuff that doesn't count as "simple". Only a NAME lookup
         # or dotted lookup (eg. NAME.NAME) is OK.
-        if Preview.is_simple_lookup_for_doublestar_expression not in mode:
-            return original_is_simple_lookup_func(line, index, kind)
-
-        else:
         if kind == -1:
-                return handle_is_simple_look_up_prev(
+            return handle_is_simple_look_up_prev(line, index, {token.RPAR, token.RSQB})
-                    line, index, {token.RPAR, token.RSQB}
-                )
         else:
             return handle_is_simple_lookup_forward(
                 line, index, {token.LPAR, token.LSQB}
@@ -155,31 +133,7 @@ def is_simple_operand(index: int, kind: Literal[1, -1]) -> bool:
     yield new_line
 
 
-def original_is_simple_lookup_func(
+def handle_is_simple_look_up_prev(line: Line, index: int, disallowed: set[int]) -> bool:
-    line: Line, index: int, step: Literal[1, -1]
-) -> bool:
-    if step == -1:
-        disallowed = {token.RPAR, token.RSQB}
-    else:
-        disallowed = {token.LPAR, token.LSQB}
-
-    while 0 <= index < len(line.leaves):
-        current = line.leaves[index]
-        if current.type in disallowed:
-            return False
-        if current.type not in {token.NAME, token.DOT} or current.value == "for":
-            # If the current token isn't disallowed, we'll assume this is
-            # simple as only the disallowed tokens are semantically
-            # attached to this lookup expression we're checking. Also,
-            # stop early if we hit the 'for' bit of a comprehension.
-            return True
-
-        index += step
-
-    return True
-
-
-def handle_is_simple_look_up_prev(line: Line, index: int, disallowed: Set[int]) -> bool:
     """
     Handling the determination of is_simple_lookup for the lines prior to the doublestar
     token. This is required because of the need to isolate the chained expression
@@ -202,7 +156,7 @@ def handle_is_simple_look_up_prev(line: Line, index: int, disallowed: Set[int])
 
 
 def handle_is_simple_lookup_forward(
-    line: Line, index: int, disallowed: Set[int]
+    line: Line, index: int, disallowed: set[int]
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Handling decision is_simple_lookup for the lines behind the doublestar token.
@@ -227,7 +181,7 @@ def handle_is_simple_lookup_forward(
     return True
 
 
-def is_expression_chained(chained_leaves: List[Leaf]) -> bool:
+def is_expression_chained(chained_leaves: list[Leaf]) -> bool:
     """
     Function to determine if the variable is a chained call.
     (e.g., foo.lookup, foo().lookup, (foo.lookup())) will be recognized as chained call)
@@ -298,7 +252,7 @@ def do_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
 
     @abstractmethod
     def do_transform(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Iterator[TResult[Line]]:
         """
         Yields:
@@ -388,8 +342,8 @@ class CustomSplitMapMixin:
     the resultant substrings go over the configured max line length.
     """
 
-    _Key: ClassVar = Tuple[StringID, str]
+    _Key: ClassVar = tuple[StringID, str]
-    _CUSTOM_SPLIT_MAP: ClassVar[Dict[_Key, Tuple[CustomSplit, ...]]] = defaultdict(
+    _CUSTOM_SPLIT_MAP: ClassVar[dict[_Key, tuple[CustomSplit, ...]]] = defaultdict(
         tuple
     )
 
@@ -413,7 +367,7 @@ def add_custom_splits(
         key = self._get_key(string)
         self._CUSTOM_SPLIT_MAP[key] = tuple(custom_splits)
 
-    def pop_custom_splits(self, string: str) -> List[CustomSplit]:
+    def pop_custom_splits(self, string: str) -> list[CustomSplit]:
         """Custom Split Map Getter Method
 
         Returns:
@@ -488,7 +442,7 @@ def do_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
                         break
                     i += 1
 
-                if not is_part_of_annotation(leaf) and not contains_comment:
+                if not contains_comment and not is_part_of_annotation(leaf):
                     string_indices.append(idx)
 
                 # Advance to the next non-STRING leaf.
@@ -512,7 +466,7 @@ def do_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
             return TErr("This line has no strings that need merging.")
 
     def do_transform(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Iterator[TResult[Line]]:
         new_line = line
 
@@ -543,7 +497,7 @@ def do_transform(
 
     @staticmethod
     def _remove_backslash_line_continuation_chars(
-        line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> TResult[Line]:
         """
         Merge strings that were split across multiple lines using
@@ -584,7 +538,7 @@ def _remove_backslash_line_continuation_chars(
         return Ok(new_line)
 
     def _merge_string_group(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> TResult[Line]:
         """
         Merges string groups (i.e. set of adjacent strings).
@@ -603,7 +557,7 @@ def _merge_string_group(
         is_valid_index = is_valid_index_factory(LL)
 
         # A dict of {string_idx: tuple[num_of_strings, string_leaf]}.
-        merged_string_idx_dict: Dict[int, Tuple[int, Leaf]] = {}
+        merged_string_idx_dict: dict[int, tuple[int, Leaf]] = {}
         for string_idx in string_indices:
             vresult = self._validate_msg(line, string_idx)
             if isinstance(vresult, Err):
@@ -639,8 +593,8 @@ def _merge_string_group(
         return Ok(new_line)
 
     def _merge_one_string_group(
-        self, LL: List[Leaf], string_idx: int, is_valid_index: Callable[[int], bool]
+        self, LL: list[Leaf], string_idx: int, is_valid_index: Callable[[int], bool]
-    ) -> Tuple[int, Leaf]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, Leaf]:
         """
         Merges one string group where the first string in the group is
         `LL[string_idx]`.
@@ -676,10 +630,10 @@ def make_naked(string: str, string_prefix: str) -> str:
             """
             assert_is_leaf_string(string)
             if "f" in string_prefix:
-                f_expressions = (
+                f_expressions = [
                     string[span[0] + 1 : span[1] - 1]  # +-1 to get rid of curly braces
                     for span in iter_fexpr_spans(string)
-                )
+                ]
                 debug_expressions_contain_visible_quotes = any(
                     re.search(r".*[\'\"].*(?<![!:=])={1}(?!=)(?![^\s:])", expression)
                     for expression in f_expressions
@@ -810,6 +764,8 @@ def _validate_msg(line: Line, string_idx: int) -> TResult[None]:
                 - The set of all string prefixes in the string group is of
                   length greater than one and is not equal to {"", "f"}.
                 - The string group consists of raw strings.
+                - The string group would merge f-strings with different quote types
+                  and internal quotes.
                 - The string group is stringified type annotations. We don't want to
                   process stringified type annotations since pyright doesn't support
                   them spanning multiple string values. (NOTE: mypy, pytype, pyre do
@@ -836,6 +792,8 @@ def _validate_msg(line: Line, string_idx: int) -> TResult[None]:
 
                 i += inc
 
+        QUOTE = line.leaves[string_idx].value[-1]
+
         num_of_inline_string_comments = 0
         set_of_prefixes = set()
         num_of_strings = 0
@@ -858,6 +816,19 @@ def _validate_msg(line: Line, string_idx: int) -> TResult[None]:
 
             set_of_prefixes.add(prefix)
 
+            if (
+                "f" in prefix
+                and leaf.value[-1] != QUOTE
+                and (
+                    "'" in leaf.value[len(prefix) + 1 : -1]
+                    or '"' in leaf.value[len(prefix) + 1 : -1]
+                )
+            ):
+                return TErr(
+                    "StringMerger does NOT merge f-strings with different quote types"
+                    " and internal quotes."
+                )
+
             if id(leaf) in line.comments:
                 num_of_inline_string_comments += 1
                 if contains_pragma_comment(line.comments[id(leaf)]):
@@ -886,6 +857,7 @@ class StringParenStripper(StringTransformer):
         The line contains a string which is surrounded by parentheses and:
             - The target string is NOT the only argument to a function call.
             - The target string is NOT a "pointless" string.
+            - The target string is NOT a dictionary value.
             - If the target string contains a PERCENT, the brackets are not
               preceded or followed by an operator with higher precedence than
               PERCENT.
@@ -933,11 +905,14 @@ def do_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
             ):
                 continue
 
-            # That LPAR should NOT be preceded by a function name or a closing
+            # That LPAR should NOT be preceded by a colon (which could be a
-            # bracket (which could be a function which returns a function or a
+            # dictionary value), function name, or a closing bracket (which
-            # list/dictionary that contains a function)...
+            # could be a function returning a function or a list/dictionary
+            # containing a function)...
             if is_valid_index(idx - 2) and (
-                LL[idx - 2].type == token.NAME or LL[idx - 2].type in CLOSING_BRACKETS
+                LL[idx - 2].type == token.COLON
+                or LL[idx - 2].type == token.NAME
+                or LL[idx - 2].type in CLOSING_BRACKETS
             ):
                 continue
 
@@ -1004,11 +979,11 @@ def do_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
         return TErr("This line has no strings wrapped in parens.")
 
     def do_transform(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Iterator[TResult[Line]]:
         LL = line.leaves
 
-        string_and_rpar_indices: List[int] = []
+        string_and_rpar_indices: list[int] = []
         for string_idx in string_indices:
             string_parser = StringParser()
             rpar_idx = string_parser.parse(LL, string_idx)
@@ -1031,7 +1006,7 @@ def do_transform(
             )
 
     def _transform_to_new_line(
-        self, line: Line, string_and_rpar_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_and_rpar_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Line:
         LL = line.leaves
 
@@ -1284,7 +1259,7 @@ def _get_max_string_length(self, line: Line, string_idx: int) -> int:
         return max_string_length
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _prefer_paren_wrap_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _prefer_paren_wrap_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -1329,14 +1304,14 @@ def _prefer_paren_wrap_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
 
-def iter_fexpr_spans(s: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, int]]:
+def iter_fexpr_spans(s: str) -> Iterator[tuple[int, int]]:
     """
     Yields spans corresponding to expressions in a given f-string.
     Spans are half-open ranges (left inclusive, right exclusive).
     Assumes the input string is a valid f-string, but will not crash if the input
     string is invalid.
     """
-    stack: List[int] = []  # our curly paren stack
+    stack: list[int] = []  # our curly paren stack
     i = 0
     while i < len(s):
         if s[i] == "{":
@@ -1499,7 +1474,7 @@ def do_splitter_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
         return Ok([string_idx])
 
     def do_transform(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Iterator[TResult[Line]]:
         LL = line.leaves
         assert len(string_indices) == 1, (
@@ -1601,7 +1576,7 @@ def more_splits_should_be_made() -> bool:
             else:
                 return str_width(rest_value) > max_last_string_column()
 
-        string_line_results: List[Ok[Line]] = []
+        string_line_results: list[Ok[Line]] = []
         while more_splits_should_be_made():
             if use_custom_breakpoints:
                 # Custom User Split (manual)
@@ -1730,7 +1705,7 @@ def more_splits_should_be_made() -> bool:
             last_line.comments = line.comments.copy()
             yield Ok(last_line)
 
-    def _iter_nameescape_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Index]]:
+    def _iter_nameescape_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[tuple[Index, Index]]:
         """
         Yields:
             All ranges of @string which, if @string were to be split there,
@@ -1761,7 +1736,7 @@ def _iter_nameescape_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Index]]:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} LOGIC ERROR!")
             yield begin, end
 
-    def _iter_fexpr_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Index]]:
+    def _iter_fexpr_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[tuple[Index, Index]]:
         """
         Yields:
             All ranges of @string which, if @string were to be split there,
@@ -1772,8 +1747,8 @@ def _iter_fexpr_slices(self, string: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Index]]:
             return
         yield from iter_fexpr_spans(string)
 
-    def _get_illegal_split_indices(self, string: str) -> Set[Index]:
+    def _get_illegal_split_indices(self, string: str) -> set[Index]:
-        illegal_indices: Set[Index] = set()
+        illegal_indices: set[Index] = set()
         iterators = [
             self._iter_fexpr_slices(string),
             self._iter_nameescape_slices(string),
@@ -1899,7 +1874,7 @@ def _normalize_f_string(self, string: str, prefix: str) -> str:
         else:
             return string
 
-    def _get_string_operator_leaves(self, leaves: Iterable[Leaf]) -> List[Leaf]:
+    def _get_string_operator_leaves(self, leaves: Iterable[Leaf]) -> list[Leaf]:
         LL = list(leaves)
 
         string_op_leaves = []
@@ -2008,7 +1983,7 @@ def do_splitter_match(self, line: Line) -> TMatchResult:
         return TErr("This line does not contain any non-atomic strings.")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _return_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _return_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -2033,7 +2008,7 @@ def _return_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _else_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _else_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -2060,7 +2035,7 @@ def _else_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _assert_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _assert_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -2095,7 +2070,7 @@ def _assert_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _assign_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _assign_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -2142,7 +2117,7 @@ def _assign_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _dict_or_lambda_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _dict_or_lambda_match(LL: list[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         """
         Returns:
             string_idx such that @LL[string_idx] is equal to our target (i.e.
@@ -2181,7 +2156,7 @@ def _dict_or_lambda_match(LL: List[Leaf]) -> Optional[int]:
         return None
 
     def do_transform(
-        self, line: Line, string_indices: List[int]
+        self, line: Line, string_indices: list[int]
     ) -> Iterator[TResult[Line]]:
         LL = line.leaves
         assert len(string_indices) == 1, (
@@ -2263,12 +2238,12 @@ def do_transform(
             elif right_leaves and right_leaves[-1].type == token.RPAR:
                 # Special case for lambda expressions as dict's value, e.g.:
                 #     my_dict = {
-                #        "key": lambda x: f"formatted: {x},
+                #        "key": lambda x: f"formatted: {x}",
                 #     }
                 # After wrapping the dict's value with parentheses, the string is
                 # followed by a RPAR but its opening bracket is lambda's, not
                 # the string's:
-                #        "key": (lambda x: f"formatted: {x}),
+                #        "key": (lambda x: f"formatted: {x}"),
                 opening_bracket = right_leaves[-1].opening_bracket
                 if opening_bracket is not None and opening_bracket in left_leaves:
                     index = left_leaves.index(opening_bracket)
@@ -2347,7 +2322,7 @@ class StringParser:
     DONE: Final = 8
 
     # Lookup Table for Next State
-    _goto: Final[Dict[Tuple[ParserState, NodeType], ParserState]] = {
+    _goto: Final[dict[tuple[ParserState, NodeType], ParserState]] = {
         # A string trailer may start with '.' OR '%'.
         (START, token.DOT): DOT,
         (START, token.PERCENT): PERCENT,
@@ -2376,7 +2351,7 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self._state = self.START
         self._unmatched_lpars = 0
 
-    def parse(self, leaves: List[Leaf], string_idx: int) -> int:
+    def parse(self, leaves: list[Leaf], string_idx: int) -> int:
         """
         Pre-conditions:
             * @leaves[@string_idx].type == token.STRING

src/blackd/__init__.py

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 import logging
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from functools import partial
+from functools import cache, partial
 from multiprocessing import freeze_support
-from typing import Set, Tuple
 
 try:
     from aiohttp import web
@@ -86,12 +85,16 @@ def main(bind_host: str, bind_port: int) -> None:
     web.run_app(app, host=bind_host, port=bind_port, handle_signals=True, print=None)
 
 
+@cache
+def executor() -> Executor:
+    return ProcessPoolExecutor()
+
+
 def make_app() -> web.Application:
     app = web.Application(
         middlewares=[cors(allow_headers=(*BLACK_HEADERS, "Content-Type"))]
     )
-    executor = ProcessPoolExecutor()
+    app.add_routes([web.post("/", partial(handle, executor=executor()))])
-    app.add_routes([web.post("/", partial(handle, executor=executor))])
     return app
 
 
@@ -191,7 +194,7 @@ def parse_mode(headers: MultiMapping[str]) -> black.Mode:
 
     preview = bool(headers.get(PREVIEW, False))
     unstable = bool(headers.get(UNSTABLE, False))
-    enable_features: Set[black.Preview] = set()
+    enable_features: set[black.Preview] = set()
     enable_unstable_features = headers.get(ENABLE_UNSTABLE_FEATURE, "").split(",")
     for piece in enable_unstable_features:
         piece = piece.strip()
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ def parse_mode(headers: MultiMapping[str]) -> black.Mode:
     )
 
 
-def parse_python_variant_header(value: str) -> Tuple[bool, Set[black.TargetVersion]]:
+def parse_python_variant_header(value: str) -> tuple[bool, set[black.TargetVersion]]:
     if value == "pyi":
         return True, set()
     else:

src/blackd/middlewares.py

@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Awaitable, Callable, Iterable, TypeVar
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Iterable
 
+from aiohttp.typedefs import Middleware
+from aiohttp.web_middlewares import middleware
 from aiohttp.web_request import Request
 from aiohttp.web_response import StreamResponse
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    F = TypeVar("F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
-    middleware: Callable[[F], F]
-else:
-    try:
-        from aiohttp.web_middlewares import middleware
-    except ImportError:
-        # @middleware is deprecated and its behaviour is the default since aiohttp 4.0
-        # so if it doesn't exist anymore, define a no-op for forward compatibility.
-        middleware = lambda x: x  # noqa: E731
-
 Handler = Callable[[Request], Awaitable[StreamResponse]]
-Middleware = Callable[[Request, Handler], Awaitable[StreamResponse]]
 
 
 def cors(allow_headers: Iterable[str]) -> Middleware:

src/blib2to3/Grammar.txt

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
 single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
 eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
 
-typevar: NAME [':' expr] ['=' expr]
+typevar: NAME [':' test] ['=' test]
-paramspec: '**' NAME ['=' expr]
+paramspec: '**' NAME ['=' test]
-typevartuple: '*' NAME ['=' (expr|star_expr)]
+typevartuple: '*' NAME ['=' (test|star_expr)]
 typeparam: typevar | paramspec | typevartuple
 typeparams: '[' typeparam (',' typeparam)* [','] ']'
 

src/blib2to3/pgen2/driver.py

@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@
 import os
 import pkgutil
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import IO, Any, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import IO, Any, Optional, Union, cast
 
 from blib2to3.pgen2.grammar import Grammar
-from blib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import GoodTokenInfo
+from blib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import TokenInfo
 from blib2to3.pytree import NL
 
 # Pgen imports
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@
 class ReleaseRange:
     start: int
     end: Optional[int] = None
-    tokens: List[Any] = field(default_factory=list)
+    tokens: list[Any] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     def lock(self) -> None:
         total_eaten = len(self.tokens)
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ class TokenProxy:
     def __init__(self, generator: Any) -> None:
         self._tokens = generator
         self._counter = 0
-        self._release_ranges: List[ReleaseRange] = []
+        self._release_ranges: list[ReleaseRange] = []
 
     @contextmanager
     def release(self) -> Iterator["TokenProxy"]:
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ def __init__(self, grammar: Grammar, logger: Optional[Logger] = None) -> None:
             logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
         self.logger = logger
 
-    def parse_tokens(self, tokens: Iterable[GoodTokenInfo], debug: bool = False) -> NL:
+    def parse_tokens(self, tokens: Iterable[TokenInfo], debug: bool = False) -> NL:
         """Parse a series of tokens and return the syntax tree."""
         # XXX Move the prefix computation into a wrapper around tokenize.
         proxy = TokenProxy(tokens)
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ def parse_tokens(self, tokens: Iterable[GoodTokenInfo], debug: bool = False) ->
 
         lineno = 1
         column = 0
-        indent_columns: List[int] = []
+        indent_columns: list[int] = []
         type = value = start = end = line_text = None
         prefix = ""
 
@@ -179,31 +180,21 @@ def parse_tokens(self, tokens: Iterable[GoodTokenInfo], debug: bool = False) ->
         assert p.rootnode is not None
         return p.rootnode
 
-    def parse_stream_raw(self, stream: IO[str], debug: bool = False) -> NL:
-        """Parse a stream and return the syntax tree."""
-        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(stream.readline, grammar=self.grammar)
-        return self.parse_tokens(tokens, debug)
-
-    def parse_stream(self, stream: IO[str], debug: bool = False) -> NL:
-        """Parse a stream and return the syntax tree."""
-        return self.parse_stream_raw(stream, debug)
-
     def parse_file(
         self, filename: Path, encoding: Optional[str] = None, debug: bool = False
     ) -> NL:
         """Parse a file and return the syntax tree."""
         with open(filename, encoding=encoding) as stream:
-            return self.parse_stream(stream, debug)
+            text = stream.read()
+        return self.parse_string(text, debug)
 
     def parse_string(self, text: str, debug: bool = False) -> NL:
         """Parse a string and return the syntax tree."""
-        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(
+        tokens = tokenize.tokenize(text, grammar=self.grammar)
-            io.StringIO(text).readline, grammar=self.grammar
-        )
         return self.parse_tokens(tokens, debug)
 
-    def _partially_consume_prefix(self, prefix: str, column: int) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    def _partially_consume_prefix(self, prefix: str, column: int) -> tuple[str, str]:
-        lines: List[str] = []
+        lines: list[str] = []
         current_line = ""
         current_column = 0
         wait_for_nl = False

src/blib2to3/pgen2/grammar.py

@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@
 import os
 import pickle
 import tempfile
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional, TypeVar, Union
 
 # Local imports
 from . import token
 
 _P = TypeVar("_P", bound="Grammar")
-Label = Tuple[int, Optional[str]]
+Label = tuple[int, Optional[str]]
-DFA = List[List[Tuple[int, int]]]
+DFA = list[list[tuple[int, int]]]
-DFAS = Tuple[DFA, Dict[int, int]]
+DFAS = tuple[DFA, dict[int, int]]
 Path = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
 
 
@@ -83,16 +83,16 @@ class Grammar:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.symbol2number: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.symbol2number: dict[str, int] = {}
-        self.number2symbol: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        self.number2symbol: dict[int, str] = {}
-        self.states: List[DFA] = []
+        self.states: list[DFA] = []
-        self.dfas: Dict[int, DFAS] = {}
+        self.dfas: dict[int, DFAS] = {}
-        self.labels: List[Label] = [(0, "EMPTY")]
+        self.labels: list[Label] = [(0, "EMPTY")]
-        self.keywords: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.keywords: dict[str, int] = {}
-        self.soft_keywords: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.soft_keywords: dict[str, int] = {}
-        self.tokens: Dict[int, int] = {}
+        self.tokens: dict[int, int] = {}
-        self.symbol2label: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.symbol2label: dict[str, int] = {}
-        self.version: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 0)
+        self.version: tuple[int, int] = (0, 0)
         self.start = 256
         # Python 3.7+ parses async as a keyword, not an identifier
         self.async_keywords = False
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def dump(self, filename: Path) -> None:
             pickle.dump(d, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
         os.replace(f.name, filename)
 
-    def _update(self, attrs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    def _update(self, attrs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         for k, v in attrs.items():
             setattr(self, k, v)
 

src/blib2to3/pgen2/literals.py

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@
 """Safely evaluate Python string literals without using eval()."""
 
 import re
-from typing import Dict, Match
 
-simple_escapes: Dict[str, str] = {
+simple_escapes: dict[str, str] = {
     "a": "\a",
     "b": "\b",
     "f": "\f",
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@
 }
 
 
-def escape(m: Match[str]) -> str:
+def escape(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
     all, tail = m.group(0, 1)
     assert all.startswith("\\")
     esc = simple_escapes.get(tail)
@@ -29,16 +28,16 @@ def escape(m: Match[str]) -> str:
     if tail.startswith("x"):
         hexes = tail[1:]
         if len(hexes) < 2:
-            raise ValueError("invalid hex string escape ('\\%s')" % tail)
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid hex string escape ('\\{tail}')")
         try:
             i = int(hexes, 16)
         except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError("invalid hex string escape ('\\%s')" % tail) from None
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid hex string escape ('\\{tail}')") from None
     else:
         try:
             i = int(tail, 8)
         except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError("invalid octal string escape ('\\%s')" % tail) from None
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid octal string escape ('\\{tail}')") from None
     return chr(i)
 
 

src/blib2to3/pgen2/parse.py

@@ -9,20 +9,9 @@
 how this parsing engine works.
 
 """
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import (
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union, cast
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-    cast,
-)
 
 from blib2to3.pgen2.grammar import Grammar
 from blib2to3.pytree import NL, Context, Leaf, Node, RawNode, convert
@@ -34,10 +23,10 @@
     from blib2to3.pgen2.driver import TokenProxy
 
 
-Results = Dict[str, NL]
+Results = dict[str, NL]
 Convert = Callable[[Grammar, RawNode], Union[Node, Leaf]]
-DFA = List[List[Tuple[int, int]]]
+DFA = list[list[tuple[int, int]]]
-DFAS = Tuple[DFA, Dict[int, int]]
+DFAS = tuple[DFA, dict[int, int]]
 
 
 def lam_sub(grammar: Grammar, node: RawNode) -> NL:
@@ -50,24 +39,24 @@ def lam_sub(grammar: Grammar, node: RawNode) -> NL:
 
 
 def stack_copy(
-    stack: List[Tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]],
+    stack: list[tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]],
-) -> List[Tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]]:
+) -> list[tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]]:
     """Nodeless stack copy."""
     return [(dfa, label, DUMMY_NODE) for dfa, label, _ in stack]
 
 
 class Recorder:
-    def __init__(self, parser: "Parser", ilabels: List[int], context: Context) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, parser: "Parser", ilabels: list[int], context: Context) -> None:
         self.parser = parser
         self._ilabels = ilabels
         self.context = context  # not really matter
 
-        self._dead_ilabels: Set[int] = set()
+        self._dead_ilabels: set[int] = set()
         self._start_point = self.parser.stack
         self._points = {ilabel: stack_copy(self._start_point) for ilabel in ilabels}
 
     @property
-    def ilabels(self) -> Set[int]:
+    def ilabels(self) -> set[int]:
         return self._dead_ilabels.symmetric_difference(self._ilabels)
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -100,18 +89,12 @@ def backtrack(self) -> Iterator[None]:
             self.parser.is_backtracking = is_backtracking
 
     def add_token(self, tok_type: int, tok_val: str, raw: bool = False) -> None:
-        func: Callable[..., Any]
-        if raw:
-            func = self.parser._addtoken
-        else:
-            func = self.parser.addtoken
-
         for ilabel in self.ilabels:
             with self.switch_to(ilabel):
-                args = [tok_type, tok_val, self.context]
                 if raw:
-                    args.insert(0, ilabel)
+                    self.parser._addtoken(ilabel, tok_type, tok_val, self.context)
-                func(*args)
+                else:
+                    self.parser.addtoken(tok_type, tok_val, self.context)
 
     def determine_route(
         self, value: Optional[str] = None, force: bool = False
@@ -233,9 +216,9 @@ def setup(self, proxy: "TokenProxy", start: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
         # where children is a list of nodes or None, and context may be None.
         newnode: RawNode = (start, None, None, [])
         stackentry = (self.grammar.dfas[start], 0, newnode)
-        self.stack: List[Tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]] = [stackentry]
+        self.stack: list[tuple[DFAS, int, RawNode]] = [stackentry]
         self.rootnode: Optional[NL] = None
-        self.used_names: Set[str] = set()
+        self.used_names: set[str] = set()
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.last_token = None
 
@@ -333,7 +316,7 @@ def _addtoken(self, ilabel: int, type: int, value: str, context: Context) -> boo
                     # No success finding a transition
                     raise ParseError("bad input", type, value, context)
 
-    def classify(self, type: int, value: str, context: Context) -> List[int]:
+    def classify(self, type: int, value: str, context: Context) -> list[int]:
         """Turn a token into a label.  (Internal)
 
         Depending on whether the value is a soft-keyword or not,

src/blib2to3/pgen2/pgen.py

@@ -2,21 +2,11 @@
 # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
 
 import os
-from typing import (
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
-    IO,
+from typing import IO, Any, NoReturn, Optional, Union
-    Any,
-    Dict,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    NoReturn,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-)
 
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import grammar, token, tokenize
-from blib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import GoodTokenInfo
+from blib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import TokenInfo
 
 Path = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
 
@@ -28,8 +18,8 @@ class PgenGrammar(grammar.Grammar):
 class ParserGenerator:
     filename: Path
     stream: IO[str]
-    generator: Iterator[GoodTokenInfo]
+    generator: Iterator[TokenInfo]
-    first: Dict[str, Optional[Dict[str, int]]]
+    first: dict[str, Optional[dict[str, int]]]
 
     def __init__(self, filename: Path, stream: Optional[IO[str]] = None) -> None:
         close_stream = None
@@ -37,8 +27,7 @@ def __init__(self, filename: Path, stream: Optional[IO[str]] = None) -> None:
             stream = open(filename, encoding="utf-8")
             close_stream = stream.close
         self.filename = filename
-        self.stream = stream
+        self.generator = tokenize.tokenize(stream.read())
-        self.generator = tokenize.generate_tokens(stream.readline)
         self.gettoken()  # Initialize lookahead
         self.dfas, self.startsymbol = self.parse()
         if close_stream is not None:
@@ -71,7 +60,7 @@ def make_grammar(self) -> PgenGrammar:
         c.start = c.symbol2number[self.startsymbol]
         return c
 
-    def make_first(self, c: PgenGrammar, name: str) -> Dict[int, int]:
+    def make_first(self, c: PgenGrammar, name: str) -> dict[int, int]:
         rawfirst = self.first[name]
         assert rawfirst is not None
         first = {}
@@ -144,14 +133,14 @@ def calcfirst(self, name: str) -> None:
         dfa = self.dfas[name]
         self.first[name] = None  # dummy to detect left recursion
         state = dfa[0]
-        totalset: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        totalset: dict[str, int] = {}
         overlapcheck = {}
         for label in state.arcs:
             if label in self.dfas:
                 if label in self.first:
                     fset = self.first[label]
                     if fset is None:
-                        raise ValueError("recursion for rule %r" % name)
+                        raise ValueError(f"recursion for rule {name!r}")
                 else:
                     self.calcfirst(label)
                     fset = self.first[label]
@@ -161,18 +150,18 @@ def calcfirst(self, name: str) -> None:
             else:
                 totalset[label] = 1
                 overlapcheck[label] = {label: 1}
-        inverse: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        inverse: dict[str, str] = {}
         for label, itsfirst in overlapcheck.items():
             for symbol in itsfirst:
                 if symbol in inverse:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        "rule %s is ambiguous; %s is in the first sets of %s as well"
+                        f"rule {name} is ambiguous; {symbol} is in the first sets of"
-                        " as %s" % (name, symbol, label, inverse[symbol])
+                        f" {label} as well as {inverse[symbol]}"
                     )
                 inverse[symbol] = label
         self.first[name] = totalset
 
-    def parse(self) -> Tuple[Dict[str, List["DFAState"]], str]:
+    def parse(self) -> tuple[dict[str, list["DFAState"]], str]:
         dfas = {}
         startsymbol: Optional[str] = None
         # MSTART: (NEWLINE | RULE)* ENDMARKER
@@ -197,7 +186,7 @@ def parse(self) -> Tuple[Dict[str, List["DFAState"]], str]:
         assert startsymbol is not None
         return dfas, startsymbol
 
-    def make_dfa(self, start: "NFAState", finish: "NFAState") -> List["DFAState"]:
+    def make_dfa(self, start: "NFAState", finish: "NFAState") -> list["DFAState"]:
         # To turn an NFA into a DFA, we define the states of the DFA
         # to correspond to *sets* of states of the NFA.  Then do some
         # state reduction.  Let's represent sets as dicts with 1 for
@@ -205,12 +194,12 @@ def make_dfa(self, start: "NFAState", finish: "NFAState") -> List["DFAState"]:
         assert isinstance(start, NFAState)
         assert isinstance(finish, NFAState)
 
-        def closure(state: NFAState) -> Dict[NFAState, int]:
+        def closure(state: NFAState) -> dict[NFAState, int]:
-            base: Dict[NFAState, int] = {}
+            base: dict[NFAState, int] = {}
             addclosure(state, base)
             return base
 
-        def addclosure(state: NFAState, base: Dict[NFAState, int]) -> None:
+        def addclosure(state: NFAState, base: dict[NFAState, int]) -> None:
             assert isinstance(state, NFAState)
             if state in base:
                 return
@@ -221,7 +210,7 @@ def addclosure(state: NFAState, base: Dict[NFAState, int]) -> None:
 
         states = [DFAState(closure(start), finish)]
         for state in states:  # NB states grows while we're iterating
-            arcs: Dict[str, Dict[NFAState, int]] = {}
+            arcs: dict[str, dict[NFAState, int]] = {}
             for nfastate in state.nfaset:
                 for label, next in nfastate.arcs:
                     if label is not None:
@@ -248,18 +237,18 @@ def dump_nfa(self, name: str, start: "NFAState", finish: "NFAState") -> None:
                     j = len(todo)
                     todo.append(next)
                 if label is None:
-                    print("    -> %d" % j)
+                    print(f"    -> {j}")
                 else:
-                    print("    %s -> %d" % (label, j))
+                    print(f"    {label} -> {j}")
 
     def dump_dfa(self, name: str, dfa: Sequence["DFAState"]) -> None:
         print("Dump of DFA for", name)
         for i, state in enumerate(dfa):
             print("  State", i, state.isfinal and "(final)" or "")
             for label, next in sorted(state.arcs.items()):
-                print("    %s -> %d" % (label, dfa.index(next)))
+                print(f"    {label} -> {dfa.index(next)}")
 
-    def simplify_dfa(self, dfa: List["DFAState"]) -> None:
+    def simplify_dfa(self, dfa: list["DFAState"]) -> None:
         # This is not theoretically optimal, but works well enough.
         # Algorithm: repeatedly look for two states that have the same
         # set of arcs (same labels pointing to the same nodes) and
@@ -280,7 +269,7 @@ def simplify_dfa(self, dfa: List["DFAState"]) -> None:
                         changes = True
                         break
 
-    def parse_rhs(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
+    def parse_rhs(self) -> tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
         # RHS: ALT ('|' ALT)*
         a, z = self.parse_alt()
         if self.value != "|":
@@ -297,7 +286,7 @@ def parse_rhs(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
                 z.addarc(zz)
             return aa, zz
 
-    def parse_alt(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
+    def parse_alt(self) -> tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
         # ALT: ITEM+
         a, b = self.parse_item()
         while self.value in ("(", "[") or self.type in (token.NAME, token.STRING):
@@ -306,7 +295,7 @@ def parse_alt(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
             b = d
         return a, b
 
-    def parse_item(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
+    def parse_item(self) -> tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
         # ITEM: '[' RHS ']' | ATOM ['+' | '*']
         if self.value == "[":
             self.gettoken()
@@ -326,7 +315,7 @@ def parse_item(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
             else:
                 return a, a
 
-    def parse_atom(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
+    def parse_atom(self) -> tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
         # ATOM: '(' RHS ')' | NAME | STRING
         if self.value == "(":
             self.gettoken()
@@ -341,15 +330,12 @@ def parse_atom(self) -> Tuple["NFAState", "NFAState"]:
             return a, z
         else:
             self.raise_error(
-                "expected (...) or NAME or STRING, got %s/%s", self.type, self.value
+                f"expected (...) or NAME or STRING, got {self.type}/{self.value}"
             )
-            raise AssertionError
 
     def expect(self, type: int, value: Optional[Any] = None) -> str:
         if self.type != type or (value is not None and self.value != value):
-            self.raise_error(
+            self.raise_error(f"expected {type}/{value}, got {self.type}/{self.value}")
-                "expected %s/%s, got %s/%s", type, value, self.type, self.value
-            )
         value = self.value
         self.gettoken()
         return value
@@ -361,17 +347,14 @@ def gettoken(self) -> None:
         self.type, self.value, self.begin, self.end, self.line = tup
         # print token.tok_name[self.type], repr(self.value)
 
-    def raise_error(self, msg: str, *args: Any) -> NoReturn:
+    def raise_error(self, msg: str) -> NoReturn:
-        if args:
+        raise SyntaxError(
-            try:
+            msg, (str(self.filename), self.end[0], self.end[1], self.line)
-                msg = msg % args
+        )
-            except Exception:
-                msg = " ".join([msg] + list(map(str, args)))
-        raise SyntaxError(msg, (self.filename, self.end[0], self.end[1], self.line))
 
 
 class NFAState:
-    arcs: List[Tuple[Optional[str], "NFAState"]]
+    arcs: list[tuple[Optional[str], "NFAState"]]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.arcs = []  # list of (label, NFAState) pairs
@@ -383,11 +366,11 @@ def addarc(self, next: "NFAState", label: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
 
 
 class DFAState:
-    nfaset: Dict[NFAState, Any]
+    nfaset: dict[NFAState, Any]
     isfinal: bool
-    arcs: Dict[str, "DFAState"]
+    arcs: dict[str, "DFAState"]
 
-    def __init__(self, nfaset: Dict[NFAState, Any], final: NFAState) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, nfaset: dict[NFAState, Any], final: NFAState) -> None:
         assert isinstance(nfaset, dict)
         assert isinstance(next(iter(nfaset)), NFAState)
         assert isinstance(final, NFAState)

src/blib2to3/pgen2/token.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Token constants (from "token.h")."""
 
-from typing import Dict, Final
+from typing import Final
 
 #  Taken from Python (r53757) and modified to include some tokens
 #   originally monkeypatched in by pgen2.tokenize
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 NT_OFFSET: Final = 256
 # --end constants--
 
-tok_name: Final[Dict[int, str]] = {}
+tok_name: Final[dict[int, str]] = {}
 for _name, _value in list(globals().items()):
     if type(_value) is int:
         tok_name[_value] = _name

src/blib2to3/pytree.py

@@ -12,18 +12,8 @@
 
 # mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-incomplete-defs
 
-from typing import (
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
-    Any,
+from typing import Any, Optional, TypeVar, Union
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    TypeVar,
-    Union,
-)
 
 from blib2to3.pgen2.grammar import Grammar
 
@@ -34,7 +24,7 @@
 
 HUGE: int = 0x7FFFFFFF  # maximum repeat count, default max
 
-_type_reprs: Dict[int, Union[str, int]] = {}
+_type_reprs: dict[int, Union[str, int]] = {}
 
 
 def type_repr(type_num: int) -> Union[str, int]:
@@ -57,8 +47,8 @@ def type_repr(type_num: int) -> Union[str, int]:
 _P = TypeVar("_P", bound="Base")
 
 NL = Union["Node", "Leaf"]
-Context = Tuple[str, Tuple[int, int]]
+Context = tuple[str, tuple[int, int]]
-RawNode = Tuple[int, Optional[str], Optional[Context], Optional[List[NL]]]
+RawNode = tuple[int, Optional[str], Optional[Context], Optional[list[NL]]]
 
 
 class Base:
@@ -74,7 +64,7 @@ class Base:
     # Default values for instance variables
     type: int  # int: token number (< 256) or symbol number (>= 256)
     parent: Optional["Node"] = None  # Parent node pointer, or None
-    children: List[NL]  # List of subnodes
+    children: list[NL]  # List of subnodes
     was_changed: bool = False
     was_checked: bool = False
 
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ def pre_order(self) -> Iterator[NL]:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def replace(self, new: Union[NL, List[NL]]) -> None:
+    def replace(self, new: Union[NL, list[NL]]) -> None:
         """Replace this node with a new one in the parent."""
         assert self.parent is not None, str(self)
         assert new is not None
@@ -242,16 +232,16 @@ def get_suffix(self) -> str:
 class Node(Base):
     """Concrete implementation for interior nodes."""
 
-    fixers_applied: Optional[List[Any]]
+    fixers_applied: Optional[list[Any]]
-    used_names: Optional[Set[str]]
+    used_names: Optional[set[str]]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         type: int,
-        children: List[NL],
+        children: list[NL],
         context: Optional[Any] = None,
         prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        fixers_applied: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        fixers_applied: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Initializer.
@@ -278,11 +268,7 @@ def __init__(
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return a canonical string representation."""
         assert self.type is not None
-        return "{}({}, {!r})".format(
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({type_repr(self.type)}, {self.children!r})"
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            type_repr(self.type),
-            self.children,
-        )
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         """
@@ -363,12 +349,12 @@ def append_child(self, child: NL) -> None:
         self.invalidate_sibling_maps()
 
     def invalidate_sibling_maps(self) -> None:
-        self.prev_sibling_map: Optional[Dict[int, Optional[NL]]] = None
+        self.prev_sibling_map: Optional[dict[int, Optional[NL]]] = None
-        self.next_sibling_map: Optional[Dict[int, Optional[NL]]] = None
+        self.next_sibling_map: Optional[dict[int, Optional[NL]]] = None
 
     def update_sibling_maps(self) -> None:
-        _prev: Dict[int, Optional[NL]] = {}
+        _prev: dict[int, Optional[NL]] = {}
-        _next: Dict[int, Optional[NL]] = {}
+        _next: dict[int, Optional[NL]] = {}
         self.prev_sibling_map = _prev
         self.next_sibling_map = _next
         previous: Optional[NL] = None
@@ -384,11 +370,11 @@ class Leaf(Base):
 
     # Default values for instance variables
     value: str
-    fixers_applied: List[Any]
+    fixers_applied: list[Any]
     bracket_depth: int
     # Changed later in brackets.py
     opening_bracket: Optional["Leaf"] = None
-    used_names: Optional[Set[str]]
+    used_names: Optional[set[str]]
     _prefix = ""  # Whitespace and comments preceding this token in the input
     lineno: int = 0  # Line where this token starts in the input
     column: int = 0  # Column where this token starts in the input
@@ -403,7 +389,7 @@ def __init__(
         value: str,
         context: Optional[Context] = None,
         prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        fixers_applied: List[Any] = [],
+        fixers_applied: list[Any] = [],
         opening_bracket: Optional["Leaf"] = None,
         fmt_pass_converted_first_leaf: Optional["Leaf"] = None,
     ) -> None:
@@ -421,7 +407,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.value = value
         if prefix is not None:
             self._prefix = prefix
-        self.fixers_applied: Optional[List[Any]] = fixers_applied[:]
+        self.fixers_applied: Optional[list[Any]] = fixers_applied[:]
         self.children = []
         self.opening_bracket = opening_bracket
         self.fmt_pass_converted_first_leaf = fmt_pass_converted_first_leaf
@@ -431,10 +417,9 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         from .pgen2.token import tok_name
 
         assert self.type is not None
-        return "{}({}, {!r})".format(
+        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}({tok_name.get(self.type, self.type)},"
-            tok_name.get(self.type, self.type),
+            f" {self.value!r})"
-            self.value,
         )
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
@@ -503,7 +488,7 @@ def convert(gr: Grammar, raw_node: RawNode) -> NL:
         return Leaf(type, value or "", context=context)
 
 
-_Results = Dict[str, NL]
+_Results = dict[str, NL]
 
 
 class BasePattern:
@@ -537,7 +522,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         args = [type_repr(self.type), self.content, self.name]
         while args and args[-1] is None:
             del args[-1]
-        return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(map(repr, args)))
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({', '.join(map(repr, args))})"
 
     def _submatch(self, node, results=None) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -576,7 +561,7 @@ def match(self, node: NL, results: Optional[_Results] = None) -> bool:
             results[self.name] = node
         return True
 
-    def match_seq(self, nodes: List[NL], results: Optional[_Results] = None) -> bool:
+    def match_seq(self, nodes: list[NL], results: Optional[_Results] = None) -> bool:
         """
         Does this pattern exactly match a sequence of nodes?
 
@@ -586,7 +571,7 @@ def match_seq(self, nodes: List[NL], results: Optional[_Results] = None) -> bool
             return False
         return self.match(nodes[0], results)
 
-    def generate_matches(self, nodes: List[NL]) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes: list[NL]) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
         """
         Generator yielding all matches for this pattern.
 
@@ -816,7 +801,7 @@ def match_seq(self, nodes, results=None) -> bool:
                 return True
         return False
 
-    def generate_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
         """
         Generator yielding matches for a sequence of nodes.
 
@@ -861,7 +846,7 @@ def generate_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
                 if hasattr(sys, "getrefcount"):
                     sys.stderr = save_stderr
 
-    def _iterative_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+    def _iterative_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
         """Helper to iteratively yield the matches."""
         nodelen = len(nodes)
         if 0 >= self.min:
@@ -890,7 +875,7 @@ def _iterative_matches(self, nodes) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
                                 new_results.append((c0 + c1, r))
             results = new_results
 
-    def _bare_name_matches(self, nodes) -> Tuple[int, _Results]:
+    def _bare_name_matches(self, nodes) -> tuple[int, _Results]:
         """Special optimized matcher for bare_name."""
         count = 0
         r = {}  # type: _Results
@@ -907,7 +892,7 @@ def _bare_name_matches(self, nodes) -> Tuple[int, _Results]:
         r[self.name] = nodes[:count]
         return count, r
 
-    def _recursive_matches(self, nodes, count) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+    def _recursive_matches(self, nodes, count) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
         """Helper to recursively yield the matches."""
         assert self.content is not None
         if count >= self.min:
@@ -944,7 +929,7 @@ def match_seq(self, nodes, results=None) -> bool:
         # We only match an empty sequence of nodes in its entirety
         return len(nodes) == 0
 
-    def generate_matches(self, nodes: List[NL]) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes: list[NL]) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
         if self.content is None:
             # Return a match if there is an empty sequence
             if len(nodes) == 0:
@@ -957,8 +942,8 @@ def generate_matches(self, nodes: List[NL]) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
 
 
 def generate_matches(
-    patterns: List[BasePattern], nodes: List[NL]
+    patterns: list[BasePattern], nodes: list[NL]
-) -> Iterator[Tuple[int, _Results]]:
+) -> Iterator[tuple[int, _Results]]:
     """
     Generator yielding matches for a sequence of patterns and nodes.
 

tests/data/cases/annotations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# regression test for #1765
+class Foo:
+    def foo(self):
+        if True:
+            content_ids: Mapping[
+                str, Optional[ContentId]
+            ] = self.publisher_content_store.store_config_contents(files)
+
+# output
+
+# regression test for #1765
+class Foo:
+    def foo(self):
+        if True:
+            content_ids: Mapping[str, Optional[ContentId]] = (
+                self.publisher_content_store.store_config_contents(files)
+            )

tests/data/cases/backslash_before_indent.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# flags: --minimum-version=3.10
+class Plotter:
+\
+    pass
+
+class AnotherCase:
+  \
+    """Some
+    \
+    Docstring
+    """
+
+# output
+
+class Plotter:
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AnotherCase:
+    """Some
+    \
+    Docstring
+    """

tests/data/cases/cantfit.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 # long variable name
 this_is_a_ridiculously_long_name_and_nobody_in_their_right_mind_would_use_one_like_it = 0
 this_is_a_ridiculously_long_name_and_nobody_in_their_right_mind_would_use_one_like_it = 1  # with a comment
@@ -32,7 +31,8 @@
         raise ValueError(err.format(key))
 concatenated_strings = "some strings that are " "concatenated implicitly, so if you put them on separate " "lines it will fit"
 del concatenated_strings, string_variable_name, normal_function_name, normal_name, need_more_to_make_the_line_long_enough
-
+del ([], name_1, name_2), [(), [], name_4, name_3], name_1[[name_2 for name_1 in name_0]]
+del (),
 
 # output
 
@@ -92,3 +92,9 @@
     normal_name,
     need_more_to_make_the_line_long_enough,
 )
+del (
+    ([], name_1, name_2),
+    [(), [], name_4, name_3],
+    name_1[[name_2 for name_1 in name_0]],
+)
+del ((),)

tests/data/cases/comment_after_escaped_newline.py

@@ -14,5 +14,7 @@ def bob():  # pylint: disable=W9016
     pass
 
 
-def bobtwo():  # some comment here
+def bobtwo():
+
+    # some comment here
     pass

tests/data/cases/context_managers_38.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --minimum-version=3.8
 with \
      make_context_manager1() as cm1, \
      make_context_manager2() as cm2, \

tests/data/cases/context_managers_39.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --minimum-version=3.9
 with \
      make_context_manager1() as cm1, \
      make_context_manager2() as cm2, \
@@ -85,6 +84,31 @@ async def func():
         pass
 
 
+
+# don't remove the brackets here, it changes the meaning of the code.
+with (x, y) as z:
+    pass
+
+
+# don't remove the brackets here, it changes the meaning of the code.
+# even though the code will always trigger a runtime error
+with (name_5, name_4), name_5:
+    pass
+
+
+def test_tuple_as_contextmanager():
+    from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+    try:
+        with (nullcontext(),nullcontext()),nullcontext():
+            pass
+    except TypeError: 
+        # test passed
+        pass
+    else:
+        # this should be a type error
+        assert False
+
 # output
 
 
@@ -173,3 +197,28 @@ async def func():
         some_other_function(argument1, argument2, argument3="some_value"),
     ):
         pass
+
+
+# don't remove the brackets here, it changes the meaning of the code.
+with (x, y) as z:
+    pass
+
+
+# don't remove the brackets here, it changes the meaning of the code.
+# even though the code will always trigger a runtime error
+with (name_5, name_4), name_5:
+    pass
+
+
+def test_tuple_as_contextmanager():
+    from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+    try:
+        with (nullcontext(), nullcontext()), nullcontext():
+            pass
+    except TypeError:
+        # test passed
+        pass
+    else:
+        # this should be a type error
+        assert False

tests/data/cases/context_managers_autodetect_39.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --minimum-version=3.9
 # This file uses parenthesized context managers introduced in Python 3.9.
 
 

tests/data/cases/docstring_newline.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 """
 87 characters ............................................................................
 """

tests/data/cases/fmtonoff6.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Regression test for https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2478.
+def foo():
+    arr = (
+        (3833567325051000, 5, 1, 2, 4229.25, 6, 0),
+        # fmt: off
+    )
+
+
+# Regression test for https://github.com/psf/black/issues/3458.
+dependencies = {
+    a: b,
+    # fmt: off
+}

tests/data/cases/fmtskip10.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# flags: --preview
+def foo(): return "mock"  # fmt: skip
+if True: print("yay")  # fmt: skip
+for i in range(10): print(i)  # fmt: skip
+
+j =     1 # fmt: skip
+while j < 10: j += 1  # fmt: skip
+
+b = [c for c in "A very long string that would normally generate some kind of collapse, since it is this long"] # fmt: skip

tests/data/cases/fmtskip11.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+def foo():
+    pass
+
+
+# comment 1  # fmt: skip
+# comment 2

tests/data/cases/fmtskip9.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 print () # fmt: skip
 print () # fmt:skip
 

tests/data/cases/form_feeds.py

@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ def something(self):
 
 #
 
+
 #
 pass
 

tests/data/cases/format_unicode_escape_seq.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 x = "\x1F"
 x = "\\x1B"
 x = "\\\x1B"

tests/data/cases/fstring_quotations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# Regression tests for long f-strings, including examples from issue #3623
+
+a = (
+    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+)
+
+a = (
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
+)
+
+a = 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' + \
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+
+a = f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"' + \
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+
+a = (
+    f'bbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+    'aaaaaaaa'
+)
+
+a = (
+    f'"{"b"}"'
+)
+
+a = (
+    f'\"{"b"}\"'
+)
+
+a = (
+    r'\"{"b"}\"'
+)
+
+# output
+
+# Regression tests for long f-strings, including examples from issue #3623
+
+a = (
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+)
+
+a = (
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+)
+
+a = (
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    + f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+)
+
+a = (
+    f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+    + f'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"{"b"}"'
+)
+
+a = f'bbbbbbb"{"b"}"' "aaaaaaaa"
+
+a = f'"{"b"}"'
+
+a = f'"{"b"}"'
+
+a = r'\"{"b"}\"'
+

tests/data/cases/funcdef_return_type_trailing_comma.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# flags: --preview --minimum-version=3.10
+# flags: --minimum-version=3.10
 # normal, short, function definition
 def foo(a, b) -> tuple[int, float]: ...
 
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ def SimplePyFn(
     Buffer[UInt8, 2],
     Buffer[UInt8, 2],
 ]: ...
+
 # output
 # normal, short, function definition
 def foo(a, b) -> tuple[int, float]: ...

tests/data/cases/function_trailing_comma.py

@@ -60,6 +60,64 @@ def func() -> ((also_super_long_type_annotation_that_may_cause_an_AST_related_cr
     argument1, (one, two,), argument4, argument5, argument6
 )
 
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised return type
+    int
+):
+    ...
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised return type
+    # more
+    int
+    # another
+):
+    ...
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised new union return type
+    int | str | bytes
+):
+    ...
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside plain tuple
+):
+    pass
+
+def foo(arg: (# comment with non-return annotation
+        int
+        # comment with non-return annotation
+)):
+    pass
+
+def foo(arg: (# comment with non-return annotation
+        int | range | memoryview
+        # comment with non-return annotation
+)):
+    pass
+
+def foo(arg: (# only before
+        int
+)):
+    pass
+
+def foo(arg: (
+        int
+        # only after
+)):
+    pass
+
+variable: ( # annotation
+    because
+    # why not
+)
+
+variable: (
+    because
+    # why not
+)
+
 # output
 
 def f(
@@ -176,3 +234,75 @@ def func() -> (
     argument5,
     argument6,
 )
+
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised return type
+    int
+): ...
+
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised return type
+    # more
+    int
+    # another
+): ...
+
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside parenthesised new union return type
+    int
+    | str
+    | bytes
+): ...
+
+
+def foo() -> (
+    # comment inside plain tuple
+):
+    pass
+
+
+def foo(
+    arg: (  # comment with non-return annotation
+        int
+        # comment with non-return annotation
+    ),
+):
+    pass
+
+
+def foo(
+    arg: (  # comment with non-return annotation
+        int
+        | range
+        | memoryview
+        # comment with non-return annotation
+    ),
+):
+    pass
+
+
+def foo(arg: int):  # only before
+    pass
+
+
+def foo(
+    arg: (
+        int
+        # only after
+    ),
+):
+    pass
+
+
+variable: (  # annotation
+    because
+    # why not
+)
+
+variable: (
+    because
+    # why not
+)

tests/data/cases/generics_wrapping.py

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# flags: --minimum-version=3.12
+def plain[T, B](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def arg_magic[T, B](a: T, b: T,) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def type_param_magic[T, B,](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def both_magic[T, B,](a: T, b: T,) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def plain_multiline[
+    T,
+    B
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def arg_magic_multiline[
+    T,
+    B
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def type_param_magic_multiline[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def both_magic_multiline[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def plain_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B
+](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def plain_mixed2[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def arg_magic_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B
+](a: T, b: T,) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def arg_magic_mixed2[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def type_param_magic_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B,
+](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def type_param_magic_mixed2[T, B,](
+    a: T,
+    b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def both_magic_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B,
+](a: T, b: T,) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def both_magic_mixed2[T, B,](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+def something_something_function[
+    T: Model
+](param: list[int], other_param: type[T], *, some_other_param: bool = True) -> QuerySet[
+    T
+]:
+    pass
+
+
+def func[A_LOT_OF_GENERIC_TYPES: AreBeingDefinedHere, LIKE_THIS, AND_THIS, ANOTHER_ONE, AND_YET_ANOTHER_ONE: ThisOneHasTyping](a: T, b: T, c: T, d: T, e: T, f: T, g: T, h: T, i: T, j: T, k: T, l: T, m: T, n: T, o: T, p: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def with_random_comments[
+    Z
+    # bye
+]():
+    return a
+
+
+def func[
+    T,  # comment
+    U  # comment
+    ,
+    Z:  # comment
+    int
+](): pass
+
+
+def func[
+    T,  # comment but it's long so it doesn't just move to the end of the line
+    U  # comment comment comm comm ent ent
+    ,
+    Z:  # comment ent ent comm comm comment
+    int
+](): pass
+
+
+# output
+def plain[T, B](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def arg_magic[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def type_param_magic[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T, b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def both_magic[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def plain_multiline[T, B](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def arg_magic_multiline[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def type_param_magic_multiline[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T, b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def both_magic_multiline[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def plain_mixed1[T, B](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def plain_mixed2[T, B](a: T, b: T) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def arg_magic_mixed1[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def arg_magic_mixed2[T, B](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def type_param_magic_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T, b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def type_param_magic_mixed2[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T, b: T
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def both_magic_mixed1[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def both_magic_mixed2[
+    T,
+    B,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def something_something_function[T: Model](
+    param: list[int], other_param: type[T], *, some_other_param: bool = True
+) -> QuerySet[T]:
+    pass
+
+
+def func[
+    A_LOT_OF_GENERIC_TYPES: AreBeingDefinedHere,
+    LIKE_THIS,
+    AND_THIS,
+    ANOTHER_ONE,
+    AND_YET_ANOTHER_ONE: ThisOneHasTyping,
+](
+    a: T,
+    b: T,
+    c: T,
+    d: T,
+    e: T,
+    f: T,
+    g: T,
+    h: T,
+    i: T,
+    j: T,
+    k: T,
+    l: T,
+    m: T,
+    n: T,
+    o: T,
+    p: T,
+) -> T:
+    return a
+
+
+def with_random_comments[
+    Z
+    # bye
+]():
+    return a
+
+
+def func[T, U, Z: int]():  # comment  # comment  # comment
+    pass
+
+
+def func[
+    T,  # comment but it's long so it doesn't just move to the end of the line
+    U,  # comment comment comm comm ent ent
+    Z: int,  # comment ent ent comm comm comment
+]():
+    pass

tests/data/cases/is_simple_lookup_for_doublestar_expression.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 m2 = None if not isinstance(dist, Normal) else m** 2 + s * 2
 m3 = None if not isinstance(dist, Normal) else m ** 2 + s * 2
 m4 = None if not isinstance(dist, Normal) else m**2 + s * 2

tests/data/cases/long_strings__type_annotations.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --preview
 def func(
     arg1,
     arg2,

tests/data/cases/module_docstring_2.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-# flags: --preview
 """I am a very helpful module docstring.
 
-With trailing spaces (only removed with unify_docstring_detection on):      
+With trailing spaces:      
 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,
 sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
 Ut enim ad minim veniam,
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
 # output
 """I am a very helpful module docstring.
 
-With trailing spaces (only removed with unify_docstring_detection on):
+With trailing spaces:
 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,
 sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
 Ut enim ad minim veniam,

tests/data/cases/no_blank_line_before_docstring.py

@@ -62,5 +62,4 @@ class MultilineDocstringsAsWell:
 
 
 class SingleQuotedDocstring:
-
     "I'm a docstring but I don't even get triple quotes."

tests/data/cases/pattern_matching_with_if_stmt.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# flags: --preview --minimum-version=3.10
+# flags: --minimum-version=3.10
 match match:
     case "test" if case != "not very loooooooooooooog condition":  # comment
         pass

tests/data/cases/pep646_typed_star_arg_type_var_tuple.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# flags: --minimum-version=3.11
+
+
+def fn(*args: *tuple[*A, B]) -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+fn.__annotations__

tests/data/cases/pep_570.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --minimum-version=3.8
 def positional_only_arg(a, /):
     pass
 

tests/data/cases/pep_572.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# flags: --minimum-version=3.8
 (a := 1)
 (a := a)
 if (match := pattern.search(data)) is None: