0019261abc
We've decided to a) convert stable back into a branch and b) to update
it immediately as part of the release process. We may as well automate
it. And about going back to a branch ...
Git tags are not the right tool, at all[^1]. They come with the
expectation that they will never change. Things will not work as
expected if they do change, doubly so if they change regularly. Once
you pull stable from the remote and it's copied in your local
repository, no matter how many times you run git pull you'll never see
it get updated automatically. Your only recourse is to delete the tag
via `git tag -d stable` before pulling.
This gets annoying really quickly since stable is supposed to be the
solution for folks "who want to move along as Black developers deem
the newest version reliable."[^2] See this comment for how this impacts
users using our Vim plugin[^3]. It also affects us developers[^4]. If
you have stable locally, once we cut a new release and update the stable
tag, a simple `git pull` / `git fetch` will not pull down the updated
stable tag. Unless you remember to delete stable before pulling, stable
will become stale and useless.
You can argue this is a good thing ("people should explicitly opt into
updating stable"), but IMO it does not match user expectations nor
developer expectations[^5]. Especially since not all our integrations
that use stable are bound by this security measure, for example our
GitHub Action (since it does a clean fetch of the repository every time
it's used). I believe consistency would be good here.
Finally, ever since we switched to a tag, we've been facing issues with
ReadTheDocs not picking up updates to stable unless we force a rebuild.
The initial rebuild on the stable update just pulls the commit the tag
previously pointed to. I'm not sure if switching back to a branch will
fix this, but I'd wager it will.
[^1]: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-tag#_on_re_tagging
[^2]: https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/contributing/release_process.html#moving-the-stable-tag
[^3]: https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2503#issuecomment-1196357379
[^4]: In fairness, most folks working on Black probably don't use the
`stable` ref anyway, especially us maintainers who'd know what is
the latest version by heart, but it'd still be nice to make it
usable for local dev though.
[^5]: Also what benefit does a `stable` ref have over explicit version
tags like `22.6.0`? If you're going to opt into some odd pin
mechanism, might as well use explicit version tags for clarity
and consistency.
|
||
|---|---|---|
| .github | ||
| action | ||
| autoload | ||
| docs | ||
| gallery | ||
| plugin | ||
| profiling | ||
| scripts | ||
| src | ||
| tests | ||
| .coveragerc | ||
| .flake8 | ||
| .gitignore | ||
| .pre-commit-config.yaml | ||
| .pre-commit-hooks.yaml | ||
| .prettierrc.yaml | ||
| .readthedocs.yaml | ||
| action.yml | ||
| AUTHORS.md | ||
| CHANGES.md | ||
| CONTRIBUTING.md | ||
| Dockerfile | ||
| LICENSE | ||
| MANIFEST.in | ||
| mypy.ini | ||
| pyproject.toml | ||
| README.md | ||
| setup.cfg | ||
| setup.py | ||
| test_requirements.txt | ||
| tox.ini | ||
The Uncompromising Code Formatter
“Any color you like.”
Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you agree to cede
control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, Black gives you speed,
determinism, and freedom from pycodestyle nagging about formatting. You will save time
and mental energy for more important matters.
Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.
Black makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.
Try it out now using the Black Playground. Watch the PyCon 2019 talk to learn more.
Read the documentation on ReadTheDocs!
Installation and usage
Installation
Black can be installed by running pip install black. It requires Python 3.6.2+ to
run. If you want to format Jupyter Notebooks, install with
pip install 'black[jupyter]'.
If you can't wait for the latest hotness and want to install from GitHub, use:
pip install git+https://github.com/psf/black
Usage
To get started right away with sensible defaults:
black {source_file_or_directory}
You can run Black as a package if running it as a script doesn't work:
python -m black {source_file_or_directory}
Further information can be found in our docs:
Black is already successfully used by many projects, small and big. Black has a comprehensive test suite, with efficient parallel tests, and our own auto formatting and parallel Continuous Integration runner. Now that we have become stable, you should not expect large formatting to changes in the future. Stylistic changes will mostly be responses to bug reports and support for new Python syntax. For more information please refer to the The Black Code Style.
Also, as a safety measure which slows down processing, Black will check that the
reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is effectively equivalent to the
original (see the
Pragmatism
section for details). If you're feeling confident, use --fast.
The Black code style
Black is a PEP 8 compliant opinionated formatter. Black reformats entire files in place. Style configuration options are deliberately limited and rarely added. It doesn't take previous formatting into account (see Pragmatism for exceptions).
Our documentation covers the current Black code style, but planned changes to it are also documented. They're both worth taking a look:
Changes to the Black code style are bound by the Stability Policy:
Please refer to this document before submitting an issue. What seems like a bug might be intended behaviour.
Pragmatism
Early versions of Black used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool, Black does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds.
Please refer to this document before submitting an issue just like with the document above. What seems like a bug might be intended behaviour.
Configuration
Black is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
from a pyproject.toml file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
--include and --exclude/--force-exclude/--extend-exclude patterns for your
project.
You can find more details in our documentation:
And if you're looking for more general configuration documentation:
Pro-tip: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is "No". Black is all about sensible defaults. Applying those defaults will have your code in compliance with many other Black formatted projects.
Used by
The following notable open-source projects trust Black with enforcing a consistent code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs, SQLAlchemy, Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow, Twisted, LocalStack, every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant, Zulip, Kedro, OpenOA, FLORIS, ORBIT, WOMBAT, and many more.
The following organizations use Black: Facebook, Dropbox, KeepTruckin, Mozilla, Quora, Duolingo, QuantumBlack, Tesla.
Are we missing anyone? Let us know.
Testimonials
Mike Bayer, author of SQLAlchemy:
I can't think of any single tool in my entire programming career that has given me a bigger productivity increase by its introduction. I can now do refactorings in about 1% of the keystrokes that it would have taken me previously when we had no way for code to format itself.
Dusty Phillips, writer:
Black is opinionated so you don't have to be.
Hynek Schlawack, creator of attrs, core developer of
Twisted and CPython:
An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
Carl Meyer, Django core developer:
At least the name is good.
Kenneth Reitz, creator of requests
and pipenv:
This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
Show your style
Use the badge in your project's README.md:
[](https://github.com/psf/black)
Using the badge in README.rst:
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
:target: https://github.com/psf/black
Looks like this:
License
MIT
Contributing
Welcome! Happy to see you willing to make the project better. You can get started by reading this:
You can also take a look at the rest of the contributing docs or talk with the developers:
Change log
The log has become rather long. It moved to its own file.
See CHANGES.
Authors
The author list is quite long nowadays, so it lives in its own file.
See AUTHORS.md
Code of Conduct
Everyone participating in the Black project, and in particular in the issue tracker, pull requests, and social media activity, is expected to treat other people with respect and more generally to follow the guidelines articulated in the Python Community Code of Conduct.
At the same time, humor is encouraged. In fact, basic familiarity with Monty Python's Flying Circus is expected. We are not savages.
And if you really need to slap somebody, do it with a fish while dancing.